1
00:00:16,290 --> 00:00:16,010
[Music]

2
00:00:24,020 --> 00:00:16,300
[Applause]

3
00:00:31,029 --> 00:00:24,030
[Music]

4
00:00:36,470 --> 00:00:33,030
welcome back to the ufo rabbit hole

5
00:00:38,630 --> 00:00:36,480
podcast i'm your host kelly chase

6
00:00:40,790 --> 00:00:38,640
today we're going to take on what will

7
00:00:42,630 --> 00:00:40,800
be the third and final installment in

8
00:00:43,590 --> 00:00:42,640
our series about the ancient astronaut

9
00:00:45,590 --> 00:00:43,600
theory

10
00:00:47,670 --> 00:00:45,600
we've covered a lot of ground to get

11
00:00:49,110 --> 00:00:47,680
here and we have a very full episode to

12
00:00:50,470 --> 00:00:49,120
get through so i'm just going to jump

13
00:00:52,869 --> 00:00:50,480
right into it

14
00:00:54,950 --> 00:00:52,879
when we last left off we'd established

15
00:00:57,430 --> 00:00:54,960
that sites like gobekli tepe and the

16
00:00:59,189 --> 00:00:57,440
great sphinx present major challenges to

17
00:01:00,950 --> 00:00:59,199
the current narrative of the emergence

18
00:01:02,630 --> 00:01:00,960
of human civilization

19
00:01:05,590 --> 00:01:02,640
pushing back the advent of high

20
00:01:07,910 --> 00:01:05,600
civilization by thousands of years

21
00:01:09,670 --> 00:01:07,920
and while mainstream academia has thus

22
00:01:12,149 --> 00:01:09,680
far been reluctant to embrace this

23
00:01:14,149 --> 00:01:12,159
reality there is more than sufficient

24
00:01:16,789 --> 00:01:14,159
evidence to make the case that high

25
00:01:19,190 --> 00:01:16,799
human civilization has its origins

26
00:01:22,149 --> 00:01:19,200
sometime before the younger dryas more

27
00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:22,159
than 12 000 years ago

28
00:01:27,109 --> 00:01:24,000
this brings to light the astounding

29
00:01:29,830 --> 00:01:27,119
possibility that human civilization was

30
00:01:32,789 --> 00:01:29,840
in some way seated or at the very least

31
00:01:35,670 --> 00:01:32,799
guided by a highly advanced non-human

32
00:01:37,590 --> 00:01:35,680
intelligence in our distant past

33
00:01:41,350 --> 00:01:37,600
but what other evidence is there to

34
00:01:43,310 --> 00:01:41,360
support this admittedly audacious claim

35
00:01:45,190 --> 00:01:43,320
in my mind one of the most

36
00:01:47,429 --> 00:01:45,200
flabbergasting archaeological

37
00:01:49,830 --> 00:01:47,439
discoveries of our times is one that has

38
00:01:52,069 --> 00:01:49,840
gotten very little attention and has

39
00:01:54,469 --> 00:01:52,079
been almost entirely dismissed by

40
00:01:57,749 --> 00:01:54,479
mainstream academics

41
00:02:00,709 --> 00:01:57,759
in 2001 pauline zielitsky a marine

42
00:02:02,630 --> 00:02:00,719
engineer and her husband paul weinzwig

43
00:02:05,749 --> 00:02:02,640
owners of a canadian company called

44
00:02:07,670 --> 00:02:05,759
advanced digital communications or adc

45
00:02:09,589 --> 00:02:07,680
were working on a survey mission in

46
00:02:11,750 --> 00:02:09,599
partnership with the cuban government

47
00:02:13,670 --> 00:02:11,760
off the eastern tip of cuba

48
00:02:16,470 --> 00:02:13,680
the area is known to have been the site

49
00:02:19,030 --> 00:02:16,480
of several treasure-laden shipwrecks and

50
00:02:20,790 --> 00:02:19,040
adc was one of the handful of agencies

51
00:02:23,110 --> 00:02:20,800
that was working with fidel castro's

52
00:02:24,470 --> 00:02:23,120
government in an attempt to locate these

53
00:02:26,710 --> 00:02:24,480
riches

54
00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:26,720
the team was using advanced sonar

55
00:02:31,830 --> 00:02:29,280
equipment to scan a two-square kilometer

56
00:02:34,550 --> 00:02:31,840
area of the sea floor when they noticed

57
00:02:37,270 --> 00:02:34,560
a series of symmetrical and geometric

58
00:02:38,710 --> 00:02:37,280
stone structures resembling an urban

59
00:02:41,030 --> 00:02:38,720
complex

60
00:02:43,990 --> 00:02:41,040
there lurking below the waters were

61
00:02:46,550 --> 00:02:44,000
symmetrical pyramids the foundations of

62
00:02:47,990 --> 00:02:46,560
vast structures and wide grid-like

63
00:02:50,790 --> 00:02:48,000
boulevards

64
00:02:53,270 --> 00:02:50,800
in my mind at least the man-made nature

65
00:02:55,350 --> 00:02:53,280
of these structures is undeniable an

66
00:02:58,710 --> 00:02:55,360
evocative of the complexes built by the

67
00:03:00,630 --> 00:02:58,720
mayans and aztecs but as always i don't

68
00:03:02,710 --> 00:03:00,640
think you should take my word for it

69
00:03:04,229 --> 00:03:02,720
seriously go look at the pictures for

70
00:03:05,190 --> 00:03:04,239
yourself right now and decide for

71
00:03:06,869 --> 00:03:05,200
yourself

72
00:03:09,030 --> 00:03:06,879
you can find them in the full episode

73
00:03:11,190 --> 00:03:09,040
brief that's linked in the description

74
00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:11,200
so unless you're driving go look at them

75
00:03:14,790 --> 00:03:13,360
right now if you're driving i'm going to

76
00:03:16,550 --> 00:03:14,800
need you to keep your eyes on the road

77
00:03:18,869 --> 00:03:16,560
and your hands at 10 and 2. you can see

78
00:03:21,509 --> 00:03:18,879
them later but once you've seen the

79
00:03:24,390 --> 00:03:21,519
pictures i think you'll see what i mean

80
00:03:26,470 --> 00:03:24,400
it looks like the ruins of a city and as

81
00:03:28,550 --> 00:03:26,480
far as i could tell in my research no

82
00:03:30,390 --> 00:03:28,560
one has so much has ventured a guess as

83
00:03:34,309 --> 00:03:30,400
to how these structures could be the

84
00:03:37,190 --> 00:03:34,319
result of natural geological processes

85
00:03:40,229 --> 00:03:37,200
in july 2001 they returned to the site

86
00:03:42,309 --> 00:03:40,239
with geologist manuel iduralde senior

87
00:03:43,350 --> 00:03:42,319
researcher of cuba's natural history

88
00:03:45,430 --> 00:03:43,360
museum

89
00:03:47,990 --> 00:03:45,440
this time equipped with a remotely

90
00:03:49,190 --> 00:03:48,000
operated vehicle to examine and film the

91
00:03:51,110 --> 00:03:49,200
structures

92
00:03:53,589 --> 00:03:51,120
the cameras revealed even more

93
00:03:55,350 --> 00:03:53,599
astonishing evidence including large

94
00:03:57,830 --> 00:03:55,360
perfectly cut stones of granite

95
00:03:59,750 --> 00:03:57,840
measuring eight feet by ten feet stacked

96
00:04:02,309 --> 00:03:59,760
on top of each other

97
00:04:04,789 --> 00:04:02,319
despite these findings iteralday who has

98
00:04:07,270 --> 00:04:04,799
studied countless underwater formations

99
00:04:08,630 --> 00:04:07,280
was reluctant to draw any conclusions

100
00:04:11,110 --> 00:04:08,640
saying only

101
00:04:13,270 --> 00:04:11,120
these are extremely peculiar structures

102
00:04:14,710 --> 00:04:13,280
and they have captured our imagination

103
00:04:17,590 --> 00:04:14,720
but if i had to explain this

104
00:04:18,550 --> 00:04:17,600
geologically i would have a hard time

105
00:04:20,390 --> 00:04:18,560
so

106
00:04:23,670 --> 00:04:20,400
why the reluctance to call this

107
00:04:25,510 --> 00:04:23,680
submerged city what it so clearly is

108
00:04:28,150 --> 00:04:25,520
the answer is that according to the

109
00:04:29,749 --> 00:04:28,160
mainstream narrative of human history it

110
00:04:32,390 --> 00:04:29,759
shouldn't be there

111
00:04:36,550 --> 00:04:32,400
because the last time that particular

112
00:04:39,590 --> 00:04:36,560
area was above water was 50 000 years

113
00:04:41,350 --> 00:04:39,600
ago approximately 40 000 years before

114
00:04:43,909 --> 00:04:41,360
the end of the last ice age and the

115
00:04:46,469 --> 00:04:43,919
building of gobekli tepe

116
00:04:47,990 --> 00:04:46,479
which as you'll recall is itself a

117
00:04:51,270 --> 00:04:48,000
megalithic structure that has been

118
00:04:52,629 --> 00:04:51,280
definitively dated to 7 000 years before

119
00:04:54,469 --> 00:04:52,639
humans were supposed to have been

120
00:04:58,070 --> 00:04:54,479
advanced enough to build something of

121
00:04:59,909 --> 00:04:58,080
that scale at this point it's glaringly

122
00:05:02,550 --> 00:04:59,919
obvious that we don't just have the

123
00:05:04,790 --> 00:05:02,560
history of human civilization wrong but

124
00:05:08,469 --> 00:05:04,800
we've undershot its true age by

125
00:05:11,590 --> 00:05:08,479
literally thousands of years if not tens

126
00:05:14,070 --> 00:05:11,600
of thousands of years and yet mainstream

127
00:05:16,870 --> 00:05:14,080
academia simply refuses to engage with

128
00:05:19,110 --> 00:05:16,880
this reality dismissing and discrediting

129
00:05:20,790 --> 00:05:19,120
any archaeological find that contradicts

130
00:05:22,870 --> 00:05:20,800
their dogma

131
00:05:24,950 --> 00:05:22,880
in the case of the underwater city off

132
00:05:27,430 --> 00:05:24,960
the coast of cuba the response of

133
00:05:28,629 --> 00:05:27,440
mainstream academia has been to rewrite

134
00:05:30,790 --> 00:05:28,639
history

135
00:05:32,629 --> 00:05:30,800
after initially refusing to acknowledge

136
00:05:35,590 --> 00:05:32,639
the site because its existence was

137
00:05:37,430 --> 00:05:35,600
impossible it seems that some academics

138
00:05:40,070 --> 00:05:37,440
have found a workaround

139
00:05:42,070 --> 00:05:40,080
it has now been accepted by some that

140
00:05:45,430 --> 00:05:42,080
the ruins are legitimate but that they

141
00:05:46,390 --> 00:05:45,440
are 6 000 years old and not 50 000 years

142
00:05:49,510 --> 00:05:46,400
old

143
00:05:52,070 --> 00:05:49,520
and how did they come to this state

144
00:05:54,150 --> 00:05:52,080
on the coast near the site is another

145
00:05:57,270 --> 00:05:54,160
megalithic structure that was first

146
00:06:00,230 --> 00:05:57,280
excavated in 1966 which is believed to

147
00:06:02,469 --> 00:06:00,240
be six thousand years old therefore the

148
00:06:04,390 --> 00:06:02,479
underwater city must also be six

149
00:06:05,350 --> 00:06:04,400
thousand years old

150
00:06:07,909 --> 00:06:05,360
however

151
00:06:09,830 --> 00:06:07,919
thus far no explanation has been given

152
00:06:11,909 --> 00:06:09,840
as to how the city could have been built

153
00:06:13,189 --> 00:06:11,919
on a site that was underwater at the

154
00:06:14,550 --> 00:06:13,199
time that it was alleged to have been

155
00:06:17,110 --> 00:06:14,560
built

156
00:06:19,909 --> 00:06:17,120
to be clear i'm not saying that the city

157
00:06:22,230 --> 00:06:19,919
is definitely 50 000 years old there is

158
00:06:25,270 --> 00:06:22,240
still a lot of work to do before anyone

159
00:06:27,590 --> 00:06:25,280
could say that conclusively however

160
00:06:29,830 --> 00:06:27,600
i don't know how anyone could argue the

161
00:06:32,390 --> 00:06:29,840
general proximity is a better method of

162
00:06:35,110 --> 00:06:32,400
dating than say determining the last

163
00:06:37,110 --> 00:06:35,120
time that the site wasn't under water

164
00:06:38,950 --> 00:06:37,120
especially when your entire basis for

165
00:06:41,029 --> 00:06:38,960
choosing that younger date is to make it

166
00:06:43,510 --> 00:06:41,039
align to your preconceived notions of

167
00:06:44,710 --> 00:06:43,520
what must or must not be true

168
00:06:46,550 --> 00:06:44,720
at any rate

169
00:06:48,309 --> 00:06:46,560
at least this commitment to cognitive

170
00:06:50,390 --> 00:06:48,319
dissonance has meant that the site has

171
00:06:52,550 --> 00:06:50,400
begun to be explored

172
00:06:55,110 --> 00:06:52,560
and through these explorations they've

173
00:06:58,309 --> 00:06:55,120
found structures within the complex as

174
00:06:59,990 --> 00:06:58,319
long as 400 meters wide and as much as

175
00:07:02,230 --> 00:07:00,000
40 meters tall

176
00:07:05,270 --> 00:07:02,240
and an anthropologist affiliated with

177
00:07:07,189 --> 00:07:05,280
the cuban academy of sciences has said

178
00:07:09,510 --> 00:07:07,199
that still photos taken from the

179
00:07:11,670 --> 00:07:09,520
videotape clearly show

180
00:07:14,950 --> 00:07:11,680
symbols and inscriptions though the

181
00:07:16,950 --> 00:07:14,960
language has not yet been identified

182
00:07:18,710 --> 00:07:16,960
another archaeological anomaly that

183
00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:18,720
contradicts the mainstream narrative of

184
00:07:24,070 --> 00:07:22,400
human history is pumapunku in bolivia

185
00:07:26,950 --> 00:07:24,080
high in the andes mountains in the

186
00:07:29,990 --> 00:07:26,960
altaplano desert just southeast of lake

187
00:07:32,390 --> 00:07:30,000
titicaca in what is undoubtedly one of

188
00:07:36,070 --> 00:07:32,400
the most rugged and desolate places on

189
00:07:38,870 --> 00:07:36,080
earth lies the ruins of tiwanaku

190
00:07:41,029 --> 00:07:38,880
discovered by westerners in 1549 by

191
00:07:44,070 --> 00:07:41,039
pedro sierra de leon while looking for

192
00:07:47,110 --> 00:07:44,080
the capital of the incan empire tionaku

193
00:07:49,749 --> 00:07:47,120
is a massive ancient temple complex

194
00:07:52,070 --> 00:07:49,759
within the complex is a large walled

195
00:07:54,710 --> 00:07:52,080
courtyard with carved faces scattered

196
00:07:57,350 --> 00:07:54,720
intermittently between the other stones

197
00:07:58,869 --> 00:07:57,360
interestingly many of these faces appear

198
00:08:00,550 --> 00:07:58,879
to look like humans from different

199
00:08:03,029 --> 00:08:00,560
cultures around the world

200
00:08:04,869 --> 00:08:03,039
although supposedly such ancient people

201
00:08:06,309 --> 00:08:04,879
shouldn't have had any way to be exposed

202
00:08:07,270 --> 00:08:06,319
to cultures on the other side of the

203
00:08:08,950 --> 00:08:07,280
ocean

204
00:08:11,350 --> 00:08:08,960
and strangers still

205
00:08:14,469 --> 00:08:11,360
some of the faces look humanoid but

206
00:08:18,150 --> 00:08:14,479
still far from human including one face

207
00:08:20,950 --> 00:08:18,160
that looks very much like a grey alien

208
00:08:22,550 --> 00:08:20,960
and listen tiwanaku is cool and all but

209
00:08:24,629 --> 00:08:22,560
what we're really here for is its

210
00:08:27,270 --> 00:08:24,639
mysterious neighbor lying just a half a

211
00:08:30,469 --> 00:08:27,280
mile away pumapuku

212
00:08:32,709 --> 00:08:30,479
pumapunku means gateway of the puma a

213
00:08:34,949 --> 00:08:32,719
name given to it by the local aymara

214
00:08:37,110 --> 00:08:34,959
people who found artifacts depicting

215
00:08:39,110 --> 00:08:37,120
warriors wearing masks made out of puma

216
00:08:41,750 --> 00:08:39,120
skulls at the site

217
00:08:44,310 --> 00:08:41,760
so let's start with what's strange about

218
00:08:46,150 --> 00:08:44,320
pumapunku because the answer is

219
00:08:47,350 --> 00:08:46,160
basically everything

220
00:08:49,430 --> 00:08:47,360
first of all

221
00:08:51,190 --> 00:08:49,440
the site has been destroyed we're just

222
00:08:53,509 --> 00:08:51,200
not sure how

223
00:08:56,630 --> 00:08:53,519
pumapunku looks like the ruins of what

224
00:08:59,030 --> 00:08:56,640
was once perhaps a large temple complex

225
00:09:01,509 --> 00:08:59,040
what remains are scattered stone blocks

226
00:09:02,949 --> 00:09:01,519
and monoliths made from red sandstone

227
00:09:06,389 --> 00:09:02,959
and andesite

228
00:09:08,230 --> 00:09:06,399
and these ruins truly are ruined

229
00:09:11,590 --> 00:09:08,240
despite the fact that the largest of

230
00:09:13,509 --> 00:09:11,600
these stones weigh up to nearly 150 tons

231
00:09:16,630 --> 00:09:13,519
they are scattered about like a lego

232
00:09:18,710 --> 00:09:16,640
city that just got godzilla by a toddler

233
00:09:21,110 --> 00:09:18,720
the site was further corrupted by a

234
00:09:24,550 --> 00:09:21,120
misguided and ultimately unsuccessful

235
00:09:25,910 --> 00:09:24,560
attempt in 2004 to reassemble the site

236
00:09:28,389 --> 00:09:25,920
so some of the blocks have been

237
00:09:30,630 --> 00:09:28,399
haphazardly moved around making it even

238
00:09:32,230 --> 00:09:30,640
more difficult to piece together what

239
00:09:34,470 --> 00:09:32,240
used to go where

240
00:09:36,550 --> 00:09:34,480
and it's hard to imagine what kind of

241
00:09:39,430 --> 00:09:36,560
force could have strewn these megaliths

242
00:09:41,509 --> 00:09:39,440
about like they were children's toys

243
00:09:43,350 --> 00:09:41,519
due to evidence that some of the stones

244
00:09:45,990 --> 00:09:43,360
may have at one time been entirely

245
00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:46,000
covered in mud it's been speculated that

246
00:09:51,269 --> 00:09:48,880
perhaps a massive and catastrophic flood

247
00:09:54,070 --> 00:09:51,279
could have saturated the ground causing

248
00:09:56,550 --> 00:09:54,080
the stone foundations to become unstable

249
00:09:59,750 --> 00:09:56,560
before a deluge consumed it scattering

250
00:10:02,710 --> 00:09:59,760
the blocks but at 12 000 feet above sea

251
00:10:04,710 --> 00:10:02,720
level that scenario seems unlikely

252
00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:04,720
but that's not all that's strange about

253
00:10:09,110 --> 00:10:06,720
the ruins of pumapunku

254
00:10:11,269 --> 00:10:09,120
there's also the fact that we don't know

255
00:10:13,590 --> 00:10:11,279
how the builders of pumapunku got the

256
00:10:15,910 --> 00:10:13,600
stones to this site

257
00:10:18,069 --> 00:10:15,920
based on detailed petrographic and

258
00:10:20,870 --> 00:10:18,079
chemical analyses of samples from

259
00:10:22,630 --> 00:10:20,880
individual stones and known quarry sites

260
00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:22,640
archaeologists have determined that the

261
00:10:27,110 --> 00:10:24,800
red sandstone blocks at the site were

262
00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:27,120
transported up a steep incline from a

263
00:10:33,670 --> 00:10:30,640
quarry near lake titicaca roughly 10

264
00:10:35,750 --> 00:10:33,680
kilometers or 6.2 miles away

265
00:10:37,750 --> 00:10:35,760
and if that wasn't daunting enough the

266
00:10:39,910 --> 00:10:37,760
andesite blocks were determined to have

267
00:10:43,190 --> 00:10:39,920
come from quarries within the coco

268
00:10:45,509 --> 00:10:43,200
cabana peninsula about 90 kilometers or

269
00:10:47,030 --> 00:10:45,519
56 miles away

270
00:10:49,829 --> 00:10:47,040
archaeologists still don't have a

271
00:10:50,949 --> 00:10:49,839
definite answer on how this was done

272
00:10:52,870 --> 00:10:50,959
however

273
00:10:54,389 --> 00:10:52,880
i will note that i'm always a little

274
00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:54,399
less swayed by the arguments that

275
00:10:58,150 --> 00:10:56,240
megalithic blocks were too big to be

276
00:11:00,710 --> 00:10:58,160
moved great distances

277
00:11:02,550 --> 00:11:00,720
it's interesting for sure and i would

278
00:11:04,550 --> 00:11:02,560
say that the size and the distance of

279
00:11:06,069 --> 00:11:04,560
the blacks being moved could speak to

280
00:11:08,470 --> 00:11:06,079
the advancement and wealth of that

281
00:11:10,069 --> 00:11:08,480
culture because the resources needed to

282
00:11:11,269 --> 00:11:10,079
undertake such a thing would be

283
00:11:12,310 --> 00:11:11,279
incredible

284
00:11:14,310 --> 00:11:12,320
however

285
00:11:16,470 --> 00:11:14,320
there are two reasons that i hesitate to

286
00:11:18,550 --> 00:11:16,480
assume an advanced technological answer

287
00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:18,560
to explain megaliths being moved over

288
00:11:22,150 --> 00:11:20,480
large distances

289
00:11:23,990 --> 00:11:22,160
the first is that there have been

290
00:11:25,509 --> 00:11:24,000
various studies and experiments that

291
00:11:27,990 --> 00:11:25,519
have shown that there are some pretty

292
00:11:29,990 --> 00:11:28,000
ingenious ways of moving these megaliths

293
00:11:32,230 --> 00:11:30,000
albeit very slowly

294
00:11:33,990 --> 00:11:32,240
including using log rollers and other

295
00:11:36,550 --> 00:11:34,000
basic materials that would have been

296
00:11:38,069 --> 00:11:36,560
available and we can't rule out that

297
00:11:39,110 --> 00:11:38,079
ancient people were able to figure it

298
00:11:41,509 --> 00:11:39,120
out

299
00:11:43,030 --> 00:11:41,519
and the second is that i think we tend

300
00:11:44,870 --> 00:11:43,040
to underestimate what can be

301
00:11:46,550 --> 00:11:44,880
accomplished by a civilization that's

302
00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:46,560
willing to throw endless amounts of

303
00:11:50,870 --> 00:11:48,720
human suffering in a problem

304
00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:50,880
so while it's certainly an interesting

305
00:11:55,670 --> 00:11:53,040
data point i'm not convinced that it can

306
00:11:57,509 --> 00:11:55,680
be used as a decisive proof of the use

307
00:11:59,030 --> 00:11:57,519
of advanced technology or the possession

308
00:12:00,230 --> 00:11:59,040
of special knowledge

309
00:12:02,790 --> 00:12:00,240
however

310
00:12:05,670 --> 00:12:02,800
that point may be irrelevant because the

311
00:12:08,550 --> 00:12:05,680
stonework at pumapunku shows evidence of

312
00:12:12,389 --> 00:12:08,560
having been done by advanced tools

313
00:12:14,230 --> 00:12:12,399
the stonework at pumapunku is bananas it

314
00:12:15,990 --> 00:12:14,240
it me up i seriously don't even

315
00:12:18,949 --> 00:12:16,000
know how else to say it

316
00:12:21,269 --> 00:12:18,959
red sandstone and andesite are both very

317
00:12:23,590 --> 00:12:21,279
hard kinds of rock to put that into

318
00:12:25,190 --> 00:12:23,600
context we use a scale called the mohs

319
00:12:27,030 --> 00:12:25,200
scale to measure the hardness of

320
00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:27,040
different minerals on a scale from 1 to

321
00:12:31,269 --> 00:12:29,760
10 with 1 being the softest and 10 being

322
00:12:33,990 --> 00:12:31,279
the hardest

323
00:12:37,030 --> 00:12:34,000
diamonds are a 10 on the mohs scale

324
00:12:39,829 --> 00:12:37,040
granite is a 6. by comparison red

325
00:12:41,430 --> 00:12:39,839
sandstone is a six or seven and andesite

326
00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:41,440
is a seven

327
00:12:46,710 --> 00:12:43,680
given the hardness of these stones the

328
00:12:48,710 --> 00:12:46,720
stonework at pumapunku defies any

329
00:12:51,509 --> 00:12:48,720
traditional explanation

330
00:12:54,069 --> 00:12:51,519
the stones were cut in such a precise

331
00:12:55,990 --> 00:12:54,079
way that they fit together perfectly

332
00:12:56,949 --> 00:12:56,000
locking into place without the use of

333
00:12:58,870 --> 00:12:56,959
mortar

334
00:13:01,190 --> 00:12:58,880
to accomplish this would not just

335
00:13:03,430 --> 00:13:01,200
require astounding technological

336
00:13:06,710 --> 00:13:03,440
precision and finesse but an

337
00:13:09,269 --> 00:13:06,720
understanding of descriptive geometry

338
00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:09,279
the architectural historians jean-pierre

339
00:13:13,829 --> 00:13:11,760
and stella nair who conducted the first

340
00:13:15,350 --> 00:13:13,839
professional field study on the stones

341
00:13:18,310 --> 00:13:15,360
of pumapunku

342
00:13:20,550 --> 00:13:18,320
concluded about these stones that quote

343
00:13:23,829 --> 00:13:20,560
to obtain the smooth finishes the

344
00:13:26,230 --> 00:13:23,839
perfectly planar faces an exact interior

345
00:13:28,310 --> 00:13:26,240
and exterior right angles on the finely

346
00:13:31,110 --> 00:13:28,320
dressed stones they resorted to

347
00:13:32,790 --> 00:13:31,120
techniques unknown to the incas and to

348
00:13:34,389 --> 00:13:32,800
us at this time

349
00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:34,399
the sharp and precise

350
00:13:40,069 --> 00:13:37,120
90 degree interior angles observed on

351
00:13:42,550 --> 00:13:40,079
various decorative motifs most likely

352
00:13:44,710 --> 00:13:42,560
were not made with hammer stones

353
00:13:47,269 --> 00:13:44,720
no matter how fine the hammer stones

354
00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:47,279
point it could never produce the crisp

355
00:13:51,509 --> 00:13:50,160
right interior angles seen on tionaku

356
00:13:54,310 --> 00:13:51,519
stonework

357
00:13:56,790 --> 00:13:54,320
comparable stones in inca masonry all

358
00:13:58,470 --> 00:13:56,800
have rounded interior angles typical of

359
00:14:01,110 --> 00:13:58,480
the pounding technique

360
00:14:03,110 --> 00:14:01,120
the construction tools of the tionakins

361
00:14:06,310 --> 00:14:03,120
with perhaps the possible exception of

362
00:14:08,790 --> 00:14:06,320
hammerstones remain essentially unknown

363
00:14:11,189 --> 00:14:08,800
and have yet to be discovered

364
00:14:13,110 --> 00:14:11,199
and those tools remain undiscovered

365
00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:13,120
until this day

366
00:14:16,870 --> 00:14:15,040
even more astounding is the fact that

367
00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:16,880
many of these blocks are finished to

368
00:14:21,590 --> 00:14:19,680
machine quality with tiny holes that are

369
00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:21,600
drilled to perfection

370
00:14:25,670 --> 00:14:23,040
and these holes don't look like

371
00:14:27,750 --> 00:14:25,680
decoration but like utilitarian means of

372
00:14:29,110 --> 00:14:27,760
construction and joining these pieces

373
00:14:31,189 --> 00:14:29,120
together

374
00:14:33,590 --> 00:14:31,199
the machined appearance of these stones

375
00:14:35,829 --> 00:14:33,600
is all the more compelling because to

376
00:14:37,910 --> 00:14:35,839
create stonework with a similar level of

377
00:14:39,030 --> 00:14:37,920
precision out of the same materials

378
00:14:41,509 --> 00:14:39,040
today

379
00:14:44,550 --> 00:14:41,519
we'd need to use advanced equipment like

380
00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:44,560
lasers and diamond edge circular saws

381
00:14:48,790 --> 00:14:46,880
further adding to the mystery is that

382
00:14:51,670 --> 00:14:48,800
many of these stones aren't just

383
00:14:54,470 --> 00:14:51,680
precisely cut into complex multifaceted

384
00:14:58,150 --> 00:14:54,480
blocks but they're also done so

385
00:15:00,389 --> 00:14:58,160
precisely as to be completely identical

386
00:15:02,790 --> 00:15:00,399
allowing one block to be perfectly

387
00:15:04,710 --> 00:15:02,800
interchanged with another almost like

388
00:15:06,550 --> 00:15:04,720
the prefabricated building materials

389
00:15:09,110 --> 00:15:06,560
that we use today

390
00:15:11,670 --> 00:15:09,120
and interchangeability of parts as seen

391
00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:11,680
in the blocks of pumapunku is something

392
00:15:15,990 --> 00:15:14,320
that on its own is suggestive of a more

393
00:15:17,829 --> 00:15:16,000
advanced society

394
00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:17,839
while there are very few isolated

395
00:15:22,310 --> 00:15:19,920
examples of interchangeable parts being

396
00:15:24,150 --> 00:15:22,320
used in the ancient past almost always

397
00:15:25,189 --> 00:15:24,160
in weapons to make warring easier go

398
00:15:27,829 --> 00:15:25,199
figure

399
00:15:29,670 --> 00:15:27,839
for the most part interchangeable parts

400
00:15:32,150 --> 00:15:29,680
weren't something that was commonly used

401
00:15:35,110 --> 00:15:32,160
before the early 1800s

402
00:15:36,790 --> 00:15:35,120
even stranger is that many of the stones

403
00:15:38,550 --> 00:15:36,800
are magnetized

404
00:15:41,590 --> 00:15:38,560
apparently if you hold a compass up to

405
00:15:43,030 --> 00:15:41,600
the stones the needle will spin and spin

406
00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:43,040
why would this be

407
00:15:46,310 --> 00:15:44,720
what would cause this

408
00:15:48,550 --> 00:15:46,320
could it have been some result of the

409
00:15:51,749 --> 00:15:48,560
construction process or the result of a

410
00:15:53,670 --> 00:15:51,759
natural phenomenon we simply don't know

411
00:15:55,509 --> 00:15:53,680
and what's extra frustrating is that

412
00:15:57,829 --> 00:15:55,519
we'll likely never know how the builders

413
00:16:00,310 --> 00:15:57,839
of pumapunku did it because

414
00:16:02,629 --> 00:16:00,320
we don't even know who they are for sure

415
00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:02,639
no one knows who built it

416
00:16:07,269 --> 00:16:04,720
well pumapunku was an important site for

417
00:16:09,189 --> 00:16:07,279
the incan people they didn't build it

418
00:16:10,949 --> 00:16:09,199
mainstream archaeologists have offered

419
00:16:12,629 --> 00:16:10,959
several different potential dates for

420
00:16:15,030 --> 00:16:12,639
the creation of the site with the most

421
00:16:15,990 --> 00:16:15,040
commonly accepted date being around 500

422
00:16:18,150 --> 00:16:16,000
a.d

423
00:16:20,470 --> 00:16:18,160
which predates the incan empire by more

424
00:16:22,629 --> 00:16:20,480
than half a millennia

425
00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:22,639
when the early spanish conquistadors

426
00:16:27,189 --> 00:16:24,480
asked the incan ruler who built

427
00:16:30,790 --> 00:16:27,199
pumapunku they claimed that it had been

428
00:16:33,749 --> 00:16:30,800
built by the gods in only one night

429
00:16:36,790 --> 00:16:33,759
so in reality we don't actually know how

430
00:16:39,749 --> 00:16:36,800
old pumapunku is but there is evidence

431
00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:39,759
that it is much older than believed

432
00:16:43,749 --> 00:16:41,680
and while mainstream archaeologists

433
00:16:46,710 --> 00:16:43,759
insist that the site is no more than

434
00:16:48,150 --> 00:16:46,720
1500 or so years old there are many who

435
00:16:49,990 --> 00:16:48,160
question this date

436
00:16:52,389 --> 00:16:50,000
not the least of which is the local

437
00:16:54,870 --> 00:16:52,399
aymara people whose local elders and

438
00:16:56,710 --> 00:16:54,880
historians claim that the site is ten

439
00:16:59,350 --> 00:16:56,720
times older than that

440
00:17:01,749 --> 00:16:59,360
having been built fifteen thousand years

441
00:17:04,390 --> 00:17:01,759
ago or three thousand years before the

442
00:17:07,350 --> 00:17:04,400
end of the last ice age

443
00:17:09,270 --> 00:17:07,360
austrian archaeologist arthur posnanski

444
00:17:12,150 --> 00:17:09,280
who was one of the first archaeologists

445
00:17:14,949 --> 00:17:12,160
to study pumapunku and who spent decades

446
00:17:17,829 --> 00:17:14,959
at the site also advocated for the date

447
00:17:19,750 --> 00:17:17,839
of 15 000 years ago citing various

448
00:17:21,590 --> 00:17:19,760
astrological alignments that would have

449
00:17:23,189 --> 00:17:21,600
tied it to that time

450
00:17:25,590 --> 00:17:23,199
and while i find the evidence that

451
00:17:27,510 --> 00:17:25,600
pumapunku predates the ice age to be

452
00:17:30,070 --> 00:17:27,520
interesting and compelling

453
00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:30,080
it doesn't need to be true for pumapunku

454
00:17:33,190 --> 00:17:32,160
to be unexplainable within the current

455
00:17:36,710 --> 00:17:33,200
narrative

456
00:17:39,430 --> 00:17:36,720
whether it was 1500 years ago or 15 000

457
00:17:41,430 --> 00:17:39,440
years ago humans simply didn't have the

458
00:17:43,590 --> 00:17:41,440
tools or the knowledge to create

459
00:17:45,430 --> 00:17:43,600
megaliths of such complexity and

460
00:17:48,630 --> 00:17:45,440
precision

461
00:17:50,789 --> 00:17:48,640
so ultimately who built it and how are

462
00:17:54,070 --> 00:17:50,799
the questions that really matter

463
00:17:56,150 --> 00:17:54,080
the when is just an interesting detail

464
00:17:58,230 --> 00:17:56,160
on the other side of the world in

465
00:18:00,310 --> 00:17:58,240
balbach lebanon lies another

466
00:18:02,470 --> 00:18:00,320
archaeological site that defies

467
00:18:04,630 --> 00:18:02,480
explanation

468
00:18:06,710 --> 00:18:04,640
we don't know for sure who ordered the

469
00:18:07,750 --> 00:18:06,720
construction of the temple of jupiter at

470
00:18:10,710 --> 00:18:07,760
balbeck

471
00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:10,720
nor do we know exactly when it was built

472
00:18:15,350 --> 00:18:13,200
however most archaeologists dated to

473
00:18:16,870 --> 00:18:15,360
either the first century bc or the first

474
00:18:18,789 --> 00:18:16,880
century a.d

475
00:18:20,950 --> 00:18:18,799
the style of the temple with its

476
00:18:22,870 --> 00:18:20,960
towering columns and its dedication to

477
00:18:25,510 --> 00:18:22,880
the roman god jupiter make it

478
00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:25,520
undoubtedly a roman construction though

479
00:18:30,950 --> 00:18:28,880
hazy though its origins may be however

480
00:18:32,950 --> 00:18:30,960
what's interesting about balbeck isn't

481
00:18:36,310 --> 00:18:32,960
so much the temple of jupiter but the

482
00:18:38,230 --> 00:18:36,320
massive stone platform on which it sits

483
00:18:40,230 --> 00:18:38,240
and although mainstream archaeologists

484
00:18:42,549 --> 00:18:40,240
date this platform to the first century

485
00:18:45,110 --> 00:18:42,559
bc more or less aligning it to the

486
00:18:47,110 --> 00:18:45,120
building of the temple of jupiter i'd

487
00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:47,120
argue that it's pretty obvious that this

488
00:18:50,789 --> 00:18:48,880
is not accurate

489
00:18:53,110 --> 00:18:50,799
first of all the foundation of the

490
00:18:55,510 --> 00:18:53,120
temple itself appears to have been built

491
00:18:57,750 --> 00:18:55,520
on the foundation of an older temple

492
00:18:59,830 --> 00:18:57,760
and both weathering and logic would

493
00:19:02,150 --> 00:18:59,840
suggest that the massive stone platform

494
00:19:03,510 --> 00:19:02,160
that it sits upon must be even older

495
00:19:05,750 --> 00:19:03,520
than that

496
00:19:08,230 --> 00:19:05,760
but once again whether you date this

497
00:19:11,029 --> 00:19:08,240
structure to the first century bc or the

498
00:19:13,430 --> 00:19:11,039
10th century bc it doesn't matter

499
00:19:15,750 --> 00:19:13,440
because at either time humans should not

500
00:19:18,070 --> 00:19:15,760
have had the ability to build it

501
00:19:21,029 --> 00:19:18,080
now i've already mentioned that i tend

502
00:19:23,350 --> 00:19:21,039
not to find the rock too big can't lift

503
00:19:26,310 --> 00:19:23,360
argument to be very compelling

504
00:19:27,830 --> 00:19:26,320
but the megaliths at balbeck are a clear

505
00:19:29,990 --> 00:19:27,840
exception

506
00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:30,000
integrated into the back wall of this

507
00:19:35,430 --> 00:19:32,240
massive platform are three of the

508
00:19:38,549 --> 00:19:35,440
biggest megaliths known to humankind

509
00:19:39,510 --> 00:19:38,559
each of these stones weighs at least 800

510
00:19:41,669 --> 00:19:39,520
tons

511
00:19:44,390 --> 00:19:41,679
to put that into perspective that is the

512
00:19:47,029 --> 00:19:44,400
same weight as five average adult blue

513
00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:47,039
whales it's insane

514
00:19:51,669 --> 00:19:48,960
and not only were these monstrous

515
00:19:53,990 --> 00:19:51,679
megaliths quarried and moved to the site

516
00:19:55,990 --> 00:19:54,000
but they were then somehow lifted 20

517
00:19:57,510 --> 00:19:56,000
feet in the air to rest in their current

518
00:19:59,190 --> 00:19:57,520
positions

519
00:20:01,430 --> 00:19:59,200
as with all of the sites i'll mention

520
00:20:03,510 --> 00:20:01,440
today you can find pictures of these

521
00:20:05,830 --> 00:20:03,520
stones in the episode brief link in the

522
00:20:08,710 --> 00:20:05,840
episode description and all you really

523
00:20:10,870 --> 00:20:08,720
need to do is look at them to understand

524
00:20:13,029 --> 00:20:10,880
that something we don't understand

525
00:20:14,870 --> 00:20:13,039
happened at balbeck

526
00:20:17,029 --> 00:20:14,880
but those megaliths aren't even the

527
00:20:19,190 --> 00:20:17,039
largest found in the area

528
00:20:21,110 --> 00:20:19,200
three megaliths conventionally known as

529
00:20:23,190 --> 00:20:21,120
the stone of the pregnant woman the

530
00:20:26,070 --> 00:20:23,200
stone of the south and the forgotten

531
00:20:28,630 --> 00:20:26,080
stone lie nearby and are the largest

532
00:20:31,510 --> 00:20:28,640
stones ever to have been quarried

533
00:20:34,950 --> 00:20:31,520
at a staggering one thousand twelve

534
00:20:37,590 --> 00:20:34,960
hundred and sixteen tons respectively

535
00:20:38,710 --> 00:20:37,600
the size of these megaliths boggles the

536
00:20:41,110 --> 00:20:38,720
mind

537
00:20:43,669 --> 00:20:41,120
now granted the location of these three

538
00:20:45,909 --> 00:20:43,679
massive stones gives every indication

539
00:20:47,909 --> 00:20:45,919
that they were simply too big

540
00:20:49,750 --> 00:20:47,919
all three of them still lie in the

541
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:49,760
quarry where they were cut

542
00:20:53,430 --> 00:20:51,760
and there they shall likely remain for

543
00:20:55,750 --> 00:20:53,440
millions of years

544
00:20:57,990 --> 00:20:55,760
even now our ability to move them would

545
00:21:01,510 --> 00:20:58,000
be extremely limited and would require

546
00:21:03,830 --> 00:21:01,520
an insane amount of time and resources

547
00:21:06,390 --> 00:21:03,840
and what we see at balbeck is a perfect

548
00:21:08,149 --> 00:21:06,400
example of something very surprising

549
00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:08,159
that we see in a lot of megalithic

550
00:21:13,270 --> 00:21:10,640
structures which is that the oldest

551
00:21:15,029 --> 00:21:13,280
parts of the construction are by far the

552
00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:15,039
most advanced

553
00:21:19,190 --> 00:21:17,280
we see it at gobekli tepe where the

554
00:21:22,470 --> 00:21:19,200
oldest parts of the construction are the

555
00:21:24,630 --> 00:21:22,480
most sophisticated we see it at tionaku

556
00:21:26,710 --> 00:21:24,640
where pumapunku though agreed to be the

557
00:21:29,270 --> 00:21:26,720
oldest construction on the site

558
00:21:30,950 --> 00:21:29,280
shows signs of advanced technology

559
00:21:33,190 --> 00:21:30,960
far beyond what would have been needed

560
00:21:34,950 --> 00:21:33,200
to build the more recent sites

561
00:21:37,669 --> 00:21:34,960
and there are particularly stunning

562
00:21:40,070 --> 00:21:37,679
examples of this in peru

563
00:21:44,710 --> 00:21:40,080
the ruins of korikancha which means the

564
00:21:47,029 --> 00:21:44,720
golden temple can be found in cusco peru

565
00:21:49,430 --> 00:21:47,039
in many places all that remains of this

566
00:21:51,990 --> 00:21:49,440
ancient incan holy site is its massive

567
00:21:54,310 --> 00:21:52,000
megalithic foundation upon which a

568
00:21:57,029 --> 00:21:54,320
spanish church was built in the 16th

569
00:22:00,310 --> 00:21:57,039
century because colonizers

570
00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:00,320
however as beautiful as the 16th century

571
00:22:07,190 --> 00:22:04,080
church is it looks somehow sad and small

572
00:22:09,270 --> 00:22:07,200
on top of the foundation of cory concha

573
00:22:11,750 --> 00:22:09,280
the precision with which the megaliths

574
00:22:13,669 --> 00:22:11,760
are cut and fitted together including a

575
00:22:15,909 --> 00:22:13,679
perfectly curved retaining wall is

576
00:22:17,909 --> 00:22:15,919
enough to take your breath away

577
00:22:20,710 --> 00:22:17,919
once again i'd recommend that you look

578
00:22:22,390 --> 00:22:20,720
at the pictures to get the full impact

579
00:22:25,110 --> 00:22:22,400
we can see something similar at the

580
00:22:27,110 --> 00:22:25,120
peruvian site of machu picchu

581
00:22:29,510 --> 00:22:27,120
the oldest and most foundational parts

582
00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:29,520
of the site once again show the most

583
00:22:32,710 --> 00:22:31,360
advanced knowledge and the largest

584
00:22:34,950 --> 00:22:32,720
megaliths

585
00:22:37,750 --> 00:22:34,960
with subsequent rounds of building being

586
00:22:39,590 --> 00:22:37,760
done on top with much smaller stones and

587
00:22:41,590 --> 00:22:39,600
far less precision

588
00:22:43,350 --> 00:22:41,600
this has caused some to suggest that

589
00:22:45,830 --> 00:22:43,360
machu picchu may not have been

590
00:22:48,710 --> 00:22:45,840
originally built by the incan people but

591
00:22:51,110 --> 00:22:48,720
rather repurposed and rebuilt by them on

592
00:22:53,190 --> 00:22:51,120
a far more ancient site

593
00:22:56,390 --> 00:22:53,200
and whether or not that is the case it

594
00:22:58,470 --> 00:22:56,400
defies logic that the incan people would

595
00:23:00,630 --> 00:22:58,480
start out with such a high level of

596
00:23:03,350 --> 00:23:00,640
ability to create megalithic structures

597
00:23:05,190 --> 00:23:03,360
of this scale and precision only to be

598
00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:05,200
rebuilding the walls a few hundred years

599
00:23:11,029 --> 00:23:08,320
later with much smaller blocks of stone

600
00:23:14,310 --> 00:23:11,039
much like gobekli tepe we're again and

601
00:23:16,710 --> 00:23:14,320
again confronted with an odd situation

602
00:23:19,430 --> 00:23:16,720
an advanced civilization of megalithic

603
00:23:22,149 --> 00:23:19,440
builders pops out of obscurity with

604
00:23:24,390 --> 00:23:22,159
little to no evidence of ramp up time

605
00:23:26,310 --> 00:23:24,400
does their most breathtaking and

606
00:23:29,590 --> 00:23:26,320
awe-inspiring work before the

607
00:23:31,990 --> 00:23:29,600
civilization begins a long slow decline

608
00:23:34,470 --> 00:23:32,000
each new wave of building being only a

609
00:23:36,549 --> 00:23:34,480
shadow of what came before

610
00:23:39,110 --> 00:23:36,559
this doesn't make sense

611
00:23:41,269 --> 00:23:39,120
we know that it doesn't make sense

612
00:23:43,110 --> 00:23:41,279
so what does this all mean

613
00:23:45,110 --> 00:23:43,120
what conclusions are we to draw from

614
00:23:48,070 --> 00:23:45,120
these anomalous archaeological sites

615
00:23:49,750 --> 00:23:48,080
that can be found around the world

616
00:23:52,149 --> 00:23:49,760
the examples that we've explored are

617
00:23:54,549 --> 00:23:52,159
just a handful of examples but they are

618
00:23:56,630 --> 00:23:54,559
representative of the four main problems

619
00:23:58,870 --> 00:23:56,640
that these sites present

620
00:24:01,190 --> 00:23:58,880
the first is that many of them like

621
00:24:03,510 --> 00:24:01,200
gobekli tepe and turkey the sphinx in

622
00:24:04,950 --> 00:24:03,520
egypt and the sunken underwater city off

623
00:24:08,310 --> 00:24:04,960
the coast of cuba

624
00:24:10,549 --> 00:24:08,320
are simply way too old they show a level

625
00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:10,559
of sophistication not just in

626
00:24:15,830 --> 00:24:13,600
construction and engineering but in art

627
00:24:18,230 --> 00:24:15,840
geometry and astronomy that are

628
00:24:20,549 --> 00:24:18,240
thousands if not tens of thousands of

629
00:24:23,110 --> 00:24:20,559
years ahead of their time

630
00:24:25,110 --> 00:24:23,120
the second is that some sites like

631
00:24:27,350 --> 00:24:25,120
pumapunku in bolivia

632
00:24:30,070 --> 00:24:27,360
show clear signs of machining and

633
00:24:32,549 --> 00:24:30,080
perhaps even prefabrication

634
00:24:34,310 --> 00:24:32,559
we simply have no way to explain how

635
00:24:36,070 --> 00:24:34,320
ancient peoples could have achieved with

636
00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:36,080
primitive tools what it would take

637
00:24:40,789 --> 00:24:38,320
advanced laser-guided and diamond-tipped

638
00:24:42,789 --> 00:24:40,799
tools to accomplish now

639
00:24:44,870 --> 00:24:42,799
the third is that some of these sites

640
00:24:47,110 --> 00:24:44,880
have megaliths that are far too big to

641
00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:47,120
have been plausibly moved without some

642
00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:49,360
form of advanced technology

643
00:24:53,830 --> 00:24:51,840
as i've said i generally don't find

644
00:24:55,350 --> 00:24:53,840
arguments about megaliths being too

645
00:24:57,350 --> 00:24:55,360
large for ancient peoples to have

646
00:24:58,549 --> 00:24:57,360
quarried and moved to be particularly

647
00:25:00,230 --> 00:24:58,559
compelling

648
00:25:02,310 --> 00:25:00,240
if you don't care how long it takes and

649
00:25:04,070 --> 00:25:02,320
you don't care how many people die

650
00:25:05,590 --> 00:25:04,080
humans can do some pretty unbelievable

651
00:25:08,149 --> 00:25:05,600
things

652
00:25:10,390 --> 00:25:08,159
however there are exceptions

653
00:25:12,390 --> 00:25:10,400
the enormous megaliths at balbeck are

654
00:25:14,950 --> 00:25:12,400
one example but there are others of

655
00:25:16,789 --> 00:25:14,960
nearly equally gargantuan proportions in

656
00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:16,799
egypt and peru

657
00:25:21,750 --> 00:25:18,960
there's even a site in southern siberia

658
00:25:23,990 --> 00:25:21,760
called gornaya sharia that if it can be

659
00:25:26,310 --> 00:25:24,000
proven that they are in fact man-made

660
00:25:27,430 --> 00:25:26,320
and not a naturally occurring geological

661
00:25:29,830 --> 00:25:27,440
structure

662
00:25:32,149 --> 00:25:29,840
has megaliths that outweigh even the

663
00:25:33,990 --> 00:25:32,159
monsters found at balbeck

664
00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:34,000
i'm less convinced on that one but the

665
00:25:37,990 --> 00:25:35,600
photos are in the episode brief so you

666
00:25:40,390 --> 00:25:38,000
can check them out for yourself

667
00:25:43,669 --> 00:25:40,400
and finally we have the mystery that we

668
00:25:45,830 --> 00:25:43,679
see all over the world from gobekli tepe

669
00:25:46,870 --> 00:25:45,840
to egypt and from balbeck to machu

670
00:25:48,950 --> 00:25:46,880
picchu

671
00:25:51,590 --> 00:25:48,960
where the earliest megalithic structures

672
00:25:52,470 --> 00:25:51,600
that a culture creates seems to be by

673
00:25:55,190 --> 00:25:52,480
far

674
00:25:57,430 --> 00:25:55,200
its most advanced and sophisticated with

675
00:25:59,350 --> 00:25:57,440
subsequent builds and restorations never

676
00:26:01,110 --> 00:25:59,360
coming close to rivaling that of the

677
00:26:03,590 --> 00:26:01,120
first builders

678
00:26:05,350 --> 00:26:03,600
again and again with megaliths we see

679
00:26:07,350 --> 00:26:05,360
advanced high culture seemingly

680
00:26:09,750 --> 00:26:07,360
appearing out of nowhere at the very

681
00:26:12,789 --> 00:26:09,760
height of its power and sophistication

682
00:26:13,590 --> 00:26:12,799
with very little evidence of ramp up

683
00:26:15,510 --> 00:26:13,600
so

684
00:26:17,430 --> 00:26:15,520
who were they

685
00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:17,440
answering that question only gets more

686
00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:19,760
complicated when we layer on two more

687
00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:22,000
puzzling observations

688
00:26:27,190 --> 00:26:25,120
the first is that paradoxically these

689
00:26:29,830 --> 00:26:27,200
pockets of civilization were both

690
00:26:32,950 --> 00:26:29,840
relatively isolated and anomalous

691
00:26:34,470 --> 00:26:32,960
and spread out all over the planet

692
00:26:36,310 --> 00:26:34,480
regardless of what any of the

693
00:26:38,870 --> 00:26:36,320
archaeological evidence surrounding

694
00:26:40,870 --> 00:26:38,880
these megalithic sites may suggest

695
00:26:42,310 --> 00:26:40,880
there are still certain facts that we

696
00:26:44,390 --> 00:26:42,320
can't deny

697
00:26:47,510 --> 00:26:44,400
and the most glaring of these is that

698
00:26:49,909 --> 00:26:47,520
prior to 6 000 years ago and certainly

699
00:26:51,110 --> 00:26:49,919
prior to the last ice age over 12 000

700
00:26:53,990 --> 00:26:51,120
years ago

701
00:26:56,390 --> 00:26:54,000
most humans were still hunter-gatherers

702
00:26:58,870 --> 00:26:56,400
we've found their camps their tools

703
00:27:00,549 --> 00:26:58,880
their clothes and their art everywhere

704
00:27:02,549 --> 00:27:00,559
on the planet where evidence of homo

705
00:27:04,549 --> 00:27:02,559
sapiens can be found

706
00:27:06,870 --> 00:27:04,559
and this only makes these megalithic

707
00:27:09,909 --> 00:27:06,880
sites that hint at advanced civilization

708
00:27:12,870 --> 00:27:09,919
in our distant past more mysterious

709
00:27:14,789 --> 00:27:12,880
it raises the startling possibility that

710
00:27:16,789 --> 00:27:14,799
while most of humanity were living a

711
00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:16,799
lifestyle that was akin to that of our

712
00:27:21,909 --> 00:27:19,520
early hominid ancestors

713
00:27:24,149 --> 00:27:21,919
there existed pockets of civilization

714
00:27:26,310 --> 00:27:24,159
where humans had attained a dazzling

715
00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:26,320
level of understanding of engineering

716
00:27:31,669 --> 00:27:29,600
geometry astronomy and more that rivaled

717
00:27:33,830 --> 00:27:31,679
and in some cases may have exceeded our

718
00:27:36,389 --> 00:27:33,840
modern understanding

719
00:27:38,789 --> 00:27:36,399
in some ways this is almost the inverse

720
00:27:41,190 --> 00:27:38,799
of what we see on earth today

721
00:27:44,230 --> 00:27:41,200
today most of the world is at least

722
00:27:46,230 --> 00:27:44,240
somewhat modernized 86 percent of people

723
00:27:48,230 --> 00:27:46,240
worldwide can read and write and in

724
00:27:50,070 --> 00:27:48,240
almost identical proportion have access

725
00:27:52,710 --> 00:27:50,080
to electricity

726
00:27:56,070 --> 00:27:52,720
however they're estimated to be between

727
00:27:57,830 --> 00:27:56,080
100 and 200 uncontacted tribes on the

728
00:27:59,750 --> 00:27:57,840
planet who have had little to no

729
00:28:01,430 --> 00:27:59,760
interaction with the modern world and

730
00:28:03,830 --> 00:28:01,440
who are still essentially living the way

731
00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:03,840
that our ancestors did hundreds and even

732
00:28:07,430 --> 00:28:05,760
thousands of years ago

733
00:28:09,590 --> 00:28:07,440
and while it can initially be shocking

734
00:28:12,230 --> 00:28:09,600
to realize that there can be so much

735
00:28:14,870 --> 00:28:12,240
variability in how humans living at the

736
00:28:16,789 --> 00:28:14,880
same time might be living their lives

737
00:28:18,870 --> 00:28:16,799
the situation in which we find ourselves

738
00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:18,880
in our modern world at least makes some

739
00:28:23,029 --> 00:28:20,960
level of intuitive sense

740
00:28:25,190 --> 00:28:23,039
we understand how it could be that our

741
00:28:27,029 --> 00:28:25,200
modern lifestyle hasn't reached people

742
00:28:28,470 --> 00:28:27,039
living in remote places

743
00:28:30,870 --> 00:28:28,480
and when we look at the history of

744
00:28:33,430 --> 00:28:30,880
colonialism it makes sense that there

745
00:28:35,430 --> 00:28:33,440
are tribes in places like the amazon who

746
00:28:37,510 --> 00:28:35,440
may have gone far out of their way to

747
00:28:40,470 --> 00:28:37,520
avoid interacting with outsiders with

748
00:28:42,789 --> 00:28:40,480
strange new weapons and diseases

749
00:28:44,789 --> 00:28:42,799
but looking into our distant past it's

750
00:28:47,430 --> 00:28:44,799
frankly confounding that such a

751
00:28:49,909 --> 00:28:47,440
sophisticated level of high civilization

752
00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:49,919
could be achieved by a few while the

753
00:28:54,070 --> 00:28:52,080
vast majority of humans were still

754
00:28:56,310 --> 00:28:54,080
living as hunter-gatherers

755
00:28:58,630 --> 00:28:56,320
what accounts for this difference

756
00:29:00,389 --> 00:28:58,640
how did they get so far ahead

757
00:29:02,149 --> 00:29:00,399
and what happened to them that was so

758
00:29:04,070 --> 00:29:02,159
fundamentally different than what

759
00:29:06,710 --> 00:29:04,080
happened to everyone else to account for

760
00:29:09,269 --> 00:29:06,720
such a massive disparity

761
00:29:11,430 --> 00:29:09,279
and this mystery only deepens further

762
00:29:13,990 --> 00:29:11,440
when we recognize that this level of

763
00:29:16,870 --> 00:29:14,000
advanced civilization didn't just appear

764
00:29:19,350 --> 00:29:16,880
in one corner or region of the world but

765
00:29:20,630 --> 00:29:19,360
in pockets scattered across nearly every

766
00:29:22,149 --> 00:29:20,640
continent

767
00:29:24,630 --> 00:29:22,159
and for reasons that we still don't

768
00:29:26,630 --> 00:29:24,640
understand in each of these far-flung

769
00:29:28,950 --> 00:29:26,640
cultures the attainment of this

770
00:29:31,830 --> 00:29:28,960
knowledge seems to coincide almost

771
00:29:33,750 --> 00:29:31,840
exactly with the building of megaliths

772
00:29:36,389 --> 00:29:33,760
and as if things weren't confusing

773
00:29:39,269 --> 00:29:36,399
enough we have one more added layer of

774
00:29:41,669 --> 00:29:39,279
nuance and complication which is that

775
00:29:44,230 --> 00:29:41,679
these civilizations show evidence of

776
00:29:46,549 --> 00:29:44,240
advanced technology that does not fit

777
00:29:48,789 --> 00:29:46,559
within our known paradigm

778
00:29:51,029 --> 00:29:48,799
as we discussed previously in part one

779
00:29:53,430 --> 00:29:51,039
of this series if humans were to

780
00:29:55,430 --> 00:29:53,440
entirely disappear tomorrow there would

781
00:29:57,590 --> 00:29:55,440
be surprisingly little left to tell the

782
00:29:59,669 --> 00:29:57,600
tale of our modern lives

783
00:30:02,789 --> 00:29:59,679
our cities and skyscrapers while they

784
00:30:04,870 --> 00:30:02,799
look impressive are not built to last

785
00:30:06,950 --> 00:30:04,880
in fact it would take less than a

786
00:30:09,669 --> 00:30:06,960
thousand years after the disappearance

787
00:30:12,789 --> 00:30:09,679
of humans for all of new york city to

788
00:30:14,710 --> 00:30:12,799
become a pristine forest again

789
00:30:16,870 --> 00:30:14,720
and because we've only been at this

790
00:30:18,310 --> 00:30:16,880
relative level of advancement for around

791
00:30:20,549 --> 00:30:18,320
100 years

792
00:30:22,789 --> 00:30:20,559
barely a blip in terms of the dizzying

793
00:30:24,630 --> 00:30:22,799
scope of geological time

794
00:30:26,950 --> 00:30:24,640
before long it would be almost

795
00:30:29,510 --> 00:30:26,960
impossible to find anything of our way

796
00:30:31,830 --> 00:30:29,520
of life in the archaeological record

797
00:30:34,470 --> 00:30:31,840
it's surprisingly easy for an entire

798
00:30:37,029 --> 00:30:34,480
civilization even one is advanced and

799
00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:37,039
global as our own to disappear without a

800
00:30:40,470 --> 00:30:38,480
trace

801
00:30:42,470 --> 00:30:40,480
but there's one form of evidence that we

802
00:30:44,230 --> 00:30:42,480
will leave behind and that will leave an

803
00:30:46,470 --> 00:30:44,240
indelible mark on the planet for

804
00:30:49,110 --> 00:30:46,480
hundreds of millions of years

805
00:30:51,990 --> 00:30:49,120
and that is our use of plastics

806
00:30:54,389 --> 00:30:52,000
plastic never bio-degrades which means

807
00:30:57,269 --> 00:30:54,399
that every single piece of plastic that

808
00:30:59,430 --> 00:30:57,279
has ever been created unless it got shot

809
00:31:02,389 --> 00:30:59,440
up into space at some point is still

810
00:31:03,590 --> 00:31:02,399
here on the planet and it will be

811
00:31:05,750 --> 00:31:03,600
forever

812
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:05,760
the empire state building may vanish

813
00:31:10,230 --> 00:31:08,000
without a trace in a matter of centuries

814
00:31:11,750 --> 00:31:10,240
but your toothbrush and the grocery bag

815
00:31:14,470 --> 00:31:11,760
you use when you clean out your cat's

816
00:31:17,110 --> 00:31:14,480
litter box could be discovered virtually

817
00:31:18,789 --> 00:31:17,120
intact by someone millions of years in

818
00:31:20,950 --> 00:31:18,799
the future

819
00:31:23,509 --> 00:31:20,960
we use around 100 million tons of

820
00:31:26,470 --> 00:31:23,519
plastic every year at least 10 percent

821
00:31:28,549 --> 00:31:26,480
of which ends up in the oceans

822
00:31:30,789 --> 00:31:28,559
this means that our current time period

823
00:31:32,789 --> 00:31:30,799
will be marked forever in the geologic

824
00:31:35,430 --> 00:31:32,799
record with a layer that is basically

825
00:31:37,350 --> 00:31:35,440
speckled with plastic even in the very

826
00:31:39,269 --> 00:31:37,360
deepest parts of our oceans

827
00:31:41,669 --> 00:31:39,279
and it's already happening

828
00:31:43,590 --> 00:31:41,679
in hawaii they've recently identified a

829
00:31:45,070 --> 00:31:43,600
new kind of rock that has been washing

830
00:31:47,750 --> 00:31:45,080
up on the shores called a

831
00:31:49,909 --> 00:31:47,760
plasticglomerate which is essentially

832
00:31:51,269 --> 00:31:49,919
rock that has become fused with melted

833
00:31:52,149 --> 00:31:51,279
plastic

834
00:31:54,630 --> 00:31:52,159
so

835
00:31:57,190 --> 00:31:54,640
if these civilizations were in many ways

836
00:31:59,110 --> 00:31:57,200
as advanced as we are and if they

837
00:32:00,389 --> 00:31:59,120
perhaps persisted for thousands of years

838
00:32:02,389 --> 00:32:00,399
at a time

839
00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:02,399
why don't we see something similar in

840
00:32:06,310 --> 00:32:04,320
the geologic record

841
00:32:08,789 --> 00:32:06,320
it's certainly difficult to imagine our

842
00:32:10,950 --> 00:32:08,799
modern lives without plastics

843
00:32:13,509 --> 00:32:10,960
beyond just convenience products

844
00:32:16,389 --> 00:32:13,519
plastics play a critical role in health

845
00:32:19,190 --> 00:32:16,399
care safe food storage and packaging

846
00:32:21,190 --> 00:32:19,200
complex scientific equipment the space

847
00:32:23,669 --> 00:32:21,200
program and more

848
00:32:25,669 --> 00:32:23,679
but what's clear is that whatever level

849
00:32:28,230 --> 00:32:25,679
of advancement may have been achieved by

850
00:32:30,470 --> 00:32:28,240
our ancestors in the distant past it

851
00:32:31,990 --> 00:32:30,480
apparently lacked many of the trappings

852
00:32:34,070 --> 00:32:32,000
of our modern lives

853
00:32:36,310 --> 00:32:34,080
and if their abilities and tools did

854
00:32:39,350 --> 00:32:36,320
truly reach the level that we would call

855
00:32:42,230 --> 00:32:39,360
technology as is suggested by megalithic

856
00:32:44,950 --> 00:32:42,240
sites like pumapunku and others it was

857
00:32:47,110 --> 00:32:44,960
likely of a fundamentally different kind

858
00:32:50,310 --> 00:32:47,120
than what we have today

859
00:32:51,990 --> 00:32:50,320
these civilizations didn't use plastics

860
00:32:53,509 --> 00:32:52,000
and they almost certainly didn't use

861
00:32:55,669 --> 00:32:53,519
fossil fuels

862
00:32:58,389 --> 00:32:55,679
this begs the question of how their

863
00:33:00,870 --> 00:32:58,399
technology differed from our own and it

864
00:33:03,590 --> 00:33:00,880
offers us a tantalizing hint at a

865
00:33:06,070 --> 00:33:03,600
potential technological paradigm that

866
00:33:07,909 --> 00:33:06,080
may have once existed that was perhaps

867
00:33:10,870 --> 00:33:07,919
in better harmony with the environment

868
00:33:13,029 --> 00:33:10,880
than the one that we currently occupy

869
00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:13,039
so as we can see

870
00:33:17,269 --> 00:33:15,360
each piece of this puzzle is baffling in

871
00:33:19,669 --> 00:33:17,279
its own right when we put it all

872
00:33:21,830 --> 00:33:19,679
together the path to the truth becomes

873
00:33:23,830 --> 00:33:21,840
even more labyrinthian

874
00:33:25,430 --> 00:33:23,840
so what could explain all of this

875
00:33:28,470 --> 00:33:25,440
bizarre evidence of advanced

876
00:33:29,990 --> 00:33:28,480
civilization in our distant past

877
00:33:31,590 --> 00:33:30,000
if we're willing to put aside the

878
00:33:33,750 --> 00:33:31,600
established narrative of human

879
00:33:36,230 --> 00:33:33,760
civilization as told by mainstream

880
00:33:38,630 --> 00:33:36,240
academia and consider the evidence with

881
00:33:40,549 --> 00:33:38,640
an open mind a surprising narrative

882
00:33:43,350 --> 00:33:40,559
begins to emerge

883
00:33:45,830 --> 00:33:43,360
first of all it seems clear that human

884
00:33:47,110 --> 00:33:45,840
civilization is far more ancient than we

885
00:33:49,029 --> 00:33:47,120
thought

886
00:33:51,269 --> 00:33:49,039
at this point i don't think that's even

887
00:33:53,430 --> 00:33:51,279
up for debate anymore though mainstream

888
00:33:54,310 --> 00:33:53,440
academia may not yet be ready to accept

889
00:33:57,190 --> 00:33:54,320
it

890
00:33:59,590 --> 00:33:57,200
as we discussed in part two gobekli tepe

891
00:34:01,269 --> 00:33:59,600
alone presents enough evidence to prove

892
00:34:05,029 --> 00:34:01,279
that we've underestimated the dawn of

893
00:34:08,389 --> 00:34:05,039
human civilization by at minimum 7 000

894
00:34:10,629 --> 00:34:08,399
years and the sunken city in cuba hints

895
00:34:12,790 --> 00:34:10,639
that we may still be off by tens of

896
00:34:15,030 --> 00:34:12,800
thousands of years more

897
00:34:17,669 --> 00:34:15,040
this revelation is astonishing on its

898
00:34:19,750 --> 00:34:17,679
own but it unfortunately creates more

899
00:34:22,389 --> 00:34:19,760
questions than answers

900
00:34:24,950 --> 00:34:22,399
the reality is that the further we push

901
00:34:27,430 --> 00:34:24,960
back the start of human civilization the

902
00:34:29,430 --> 00:34:27,440
more unlikely it becomes that any group

903
00:34:31,829 --> 00:34:29,440
of people could have risen to that level

904
00:34:35,270 --> 00:34:31,839
of sophistication on their own

905
00:34:37,510 --> 00:34:35,280
it just doesn't make sense after all as

906
00:34:39,990 --> 00:34:37,520
we discussed in the last episode the

907
00:34:42,950 --> 00:34:40,000
oldest sections of gobekli tepe were

908
00:34:45,109 --> 00:34:42,960
built approximately 12 000 years ago

909
00:34:47,190 --> 00:34:45,119
near the end of the last ice age also

910
00:34:49,349 --> 00:34:47,200
known as the younger dryas

911
00:34:51,669 --> 00:34:49,359
and as with many other megalithic

912
00:34:53,349 --> 00:34:51,679
structures the oldest sections are the

913
00:34:56,230 --> 00:34:53,359
most sophisticated

914
00:34:58,230 --> 00:34:56,240
gobekli tepe also clearly shows evidence

915
00:35:01,190 --> 00:34:58,240
that its builders had a complex

916
00:35:03,510 --> 00:35:01,200
understanding of engineering mathematics

917
00:35:05,510 --> 00:35:03,520
geometry and astronomy

918
00:35:08,150 --> 00:35:05,520
that kind of knowledge doesn't just come

919
00:35:10,550 --> 00:35:08,160
out of nowhere and it should have taken

920
00:35:12,150 --> 00:35:10,560
thousands of years to achieve that level

921
00:35:14,390 --> 00:35:12,160
of mastery

922
00:35:17,430 --> 00:35:14,400
the younger dryas which lasted around

923
00:35:20,310 --> 00:35:17,440
1300 years was a horribly tumultuous

924
00:35:23,430 --> 00:35:20,320
time for the planet with over 82 percent

925
00:35:26,069 --> 00:35:23,440
of mammals over 40 kilograms dying off

926
00:35:28,069 --> 00:35:26,079
in north america and suffering similarly

927
00:35:29,190 --> 00:35:28,079
massive losses elsewhere around the

928
00:35:31,510 --> 00:35:29,200
globe

929
00:35:33,589 --> 00:35:31,520
it seems unlikely humans could have made

930
00:35:36,390 --> 00:35:33,599
those sorts of advancements during such

931
00:35:38,790 --> 00:35:36,400
a chaotic and dangerous time period

932
00:35:41,270 --> 00:35:38,800
which strongly suggests that the origins

933
00:35:45,030 --> 00:35:41,280
of human civilization lie somewhere

934
00:35:47,270 --> 00:35:45,040
before the younger dryas but how could

935
00:35:49,109 --> 00:35:47,280
this possibly be

936
00:35:51,349 --> 00:35:49,119
this suggests that while the vast

937
00:35:53,349 --> 00:35:51,359
majority of our early human ancestors

938
00:35:54,950 --> 00:35:53,359
were still living in caves and hunting

939
00:35:57,349 --> 00:35:54,960
mammoths with spears

940
00:35:59,510 --> 00:35:57,359
that someone somewhere was inventing

941
00:36:00,550 --> 00:35:59,520
geometry and astronomy and written

942
00:36:03,190 --> 00:36:00,560
language

943
00:36:05,349 --> 00:36:03,200
and honestly i can understand why

944
00:36:08,230 --> 00:36:05,359
mainstream academia has been so

945
00:36:11,829 --> 00:36:08,240
resistant to embrace this reality

946
00:36:14,310 --> 00:36:11,839
because it simply doesn't make sense

947
00:36:16,069 --> 00:36:14,320
it's not possible

948
00:36:18,790 --> 00:36:16,079
unless we are willing to admit the

949
00:36:21,030 --> 00:36:18,800
possibility that we may have been gifted

950
00:36:22,470 --> 00:36:21,040
this knowledge and that early human

951
00:36:25,750 --> 00:36:22,480
civilization

952
00:36:28,150 --> 00:36:25,760
may have been intentionally seated

953
00:36:30,950 --> 00:36:28,160
but by whom

954
00:36:32,710 --> 00:36:30,960
i'm not saying it was aliens but

955
00:36:35,109 --> 00:36:32,720
it could have been aliens

956
00:36:37,750 --> 00:36:35,119
and as i'm sure you've already guessed

957
00:36:40,550 --> 00:36:37,760
when i say aliens i'm speaking broadly

958
00:36:42,630 --> 00:36:40,560
about a non-human or alien intelligence

959
00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:42,640
that could have a number of potential

960
00:36:48,069 --> 00:36:45,680
origins whether it be extraterrestrial

961
00:36:49,589 --> 00:36:48,079
ultra-terrestrial interdimensional or

962
00:36:51,829 --> 00:36:49,599
temporal

963
00:36:53,510 --> 00:36:51,839
where they came from and who they were

964
00:36:55,510 --> 00:36:53,520
is a matter of debate

965
00:36:57,430 --> 00:36:55,520
but there seems to be no way around the

966
00:37:00,150 --> 00:36:57,440
fact that at some point in the distant

967
00:37:03,190 --> 00:37:00,160
past humans were helped by a very

968
00:37:05,430 --> 00:37:03,200
advanced and intelligent someone

969
00:37:07,270 --> 00:37:05,440
it would explain the sudden emergence of

970
00:37:08,550 --> 00:37:07,280
mathematics science and high

971
00:37:10,310 --> 00:37:08,560
civilization

972
00:37:11,670 --> 00:37:10,320
long before such things ought to have

973
00:37:13,510 --> 00:37:11,680
been possible

974
00:37:16,150 --> 00:37:13,520
it would explain how these advanced

975
00:37:18,069 --> 00:37:16,160
megalithic civilizations seem to

976
00:37:20,150 --> 00:37:18,079
continually spring out of nothingness

977
00:37:22,470 --> 00:37:20,160
and into the height of their power only

978
00:37:25,349 --> 00:37:22,480
to slowly degrade over time each new

979
00:37:28,150 --> 00:37:25,359
iteration a copy of a copy of a copy

980
00:37:29,910 --> 00:37:28,160
until its original glory is lost

981
00:37:32,069 --> 00:37:29,920
it would explain the seemingly

982
00:37:34,710 --> 00:37:32,079
impossible megalithic sites like

983
00:37:37,190 --> 00:37:34,720
pumapunku where the stones are cut too

984
00:37:39,510 --> 00:37:37,200
perfectly and balbeck where the stones

985
00:37:41,670 --> 00:37:39,520
are far too big

986
00:37:43,750 --> 00:37:41,680
it could even explain an advanced

987
00:37:45,430 --> 00:37:43,760
technological paradigm that is

988
00:37:47,750 --> 00:37:45,440
fundamentally different than the one in

989
00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:47,760
which we currently live and which seem

990
00:37:52,230 --> 00:37:50,320
to exist without the vast networks of

991
00:37:54,150 --> 00:37:52,240
infrastructure and resources that are

992
00:37:55,829 --> 00:37:54,160
required to support technology in our

993
00:37:58,550 --> 00:37:55,839
modern world

994
00:38:01,510 --> 00:37:58,560
and perhaps most tellingly it would

995
00:38:03,109 --> 00:38:01,520
explain the eerily similar myths legends

996
00:38:05,510 --> 00:38:03,119
and religious texts from around the

997
00:38:07,910 --> 00:38:05,520
world dating back to the oldest records

998
00:38:09,990 --> 00:38:07,920
that we have the tell the tale of

999
00:38:12,950 --> 00:38:10,000
powerful beings who came down from the

1000
00:38:14,790 --> 00:38:12,960
sky and gifted humans with wisdom and

1001
00:38:17,589 --> 00:38:14,800
built mighty civilizations that they

1002
00:38:20,069 --> 00:38:17,599
ruled over for thousands of years

1003
00:38:22,710 --> 00:38:20,079
and might it also explain that startling

1004
00:38:25,190 --> 00:38:22,720
claim made by tom delong about the idea

1005
00:38:27,750 --> 00:38:25,200
that he believed was responsible for not

1006
00:38:29,990 --> 00:38:27,760
just gaining his advisors attention

1007
00:38:31,270 --> 00:38:30,000
but gaining entrance into their shadowy

1008
00:38:34,150 --> 00:38:31,280
world

1009
00:38:37,069 --> 00:38:34,160
if you'll recall de long said multiple

1010
00:38:39,349 --> 00:38:37,079
times in those early and unguarded

1011
00:38:41,190 --> 00:38:39,359
2016-2017 interviews

1012
00:38:43,589 --> 00:38:41,200
that while it was his pitch that got him

1013
00:38:45,510 --> 00:38:43,599
in the door with his advisors it was

1014
00:38:46,870 --> 00:38:45,520
something else that made them take him

1015
00:38:49,030 --> 00:38:46,880
seriously

1016
00:38:51,910 --> 00:38:49,040
and that was the idea that the ufo

1017
00:38:53,109 --> 00:38:51,920
phenomenon represents multiple gods with

1018
00:38:55,109 --> 00:38:53,119
a little g

1019
00:38:57,670 --> 00:38:55,119
who wore with each other and who have

1020
00:38:59,510 --> 00:38:57,680
for millennia controlled and influenced

1021
00:39:01,829 --> 00:38:59,520
humanity

1022
00:39:04,710 --> 00:39:01,839
could all of this be true

1023
00:39:06,710 --> 00:39:04,720
and if as tom delong has said there are

1024
00:39:09,589 --> 00:39:06,720
those within our government who know

1025
00:39:12,829 --> 00:39:09,599
about this take it very seriously and

1026
00:39:15,510 --> 00:39:12,839
who recognize that is related to the ufo

1027
00:39:16,710 --> 00:39:15,520
phenomenon what does that mean about

1028
00:39:19,190 --> 00:39:16,720
i don't know

1029
00:39:21,670 --> 00:39:19,200
everything reality

1030
00:39:24,069 --> 00:39:21,680
like seriously what the

1031
00:39:26,069 --> 00:39:24,079
and if i'm being honest this is where i

1032
00:39:28,630 --> 00:39:26,079
start to feel like i'm losing it

1033
00:39:30,870 --> 00:39:28,640
because i keep retracing my steps again

1034
00:39:33,670 --> 00:39:30,880
and again trying to figure out where i

1035
00:39:36,870 --> 00:39:33,680
went wrong to end up with these same

1036
00:39:38,790 --> 00:39:36,880
conclusions that seem to somehow be both

1037
00:39:41,589 --> 00:39:38,800
entirely obvious

1038
00:39:43,430 --> 00:39:41,599
and entirely impossible

1039
00:39:45,670 --> 00:39:43,440
and i'm putting all of this out there

1040
00:39:47,510 --> 00:39:45,680
knowing that i could be wrong

1041
00:39:49,670 --> 00:39:47,520
if you pull the wrong brick out of this

1042
00:39:50,870 --> 00:39:49,680
game of reality jenga it would all come

1043
00:39:53,510 --> 00:39:50,880
crashing down

1044
00:39:55,109 --> 00:39:53,520
i accept that and i am genuinely at

1045
00:39:57,190 --> 00:39:55,119
peace with it

1046
00:39:59,190 --> 00:39:57,200
but i will say this

1047
00:40:01,589 --> 00:39:59,200
in many ways the path that we're taking

1048
00:40:03,990 --> 00:40:01,599
down the rabbit hole on this podcast

1049
00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:04,000
mirrors the path that i took and there's

1050
00:40:07,829 --> 00:40:05,760
a reason that we've ended up spending so

1051
00:40:10,069 --> 00:40:07,839
much time on this topic and why it's

1052
00:40:12,470 --> 00:40:10,079
taken me over two and a half hours into

1053
00:40:14,390 --> 00:40:12,480
a series on ancient aliens to get to the

1054
00:40:16,710 --> 00:40:14,400
point where i'm ready to say that there

1055
00:40:19,109 --> 00:40:16,720
is significant evidence of intervention

1056
00:40:21,670 --> 00:40:19,119
by an advanced non-human intelligence in

1057
00:40:24,230 --> 00:40:21,680
humanity's distant past

1058
00:40:26,550 --> 00:40:24,240
because this is where i started and when

1059
00:40:30,309 --> 00:40:26,560
i first pursued this line of questioning

1060
00:40:32,150 --> 00:40:30,319
i fully expected to debunk it and easily

1061
00:40:35,190 --> 00:40:32,160
if you go looking for literature and

1062
00:40:37,270 --> 00:40:35,200
research on ufos you'll immediately find

1063
00:40:38,950 --> 00:40:37,280
that there isn't much to find

1064
00:40:41,510 --> 00:40:38,960
and sorting through and weighing the

1065
00:40:44,309 --> 00:40:41,520
ultimate credibility of what is there is

1066
00:40:47,190 --> 00:40:44,319
daunting if not downright impossible

1067
00:40:49,510 --> 00:40:47,200
this topic is shrouded in secrecy and

1068
00:40:52,550 --> 00:40:49,520
insulated by stigma to the point that

1069
00:40:55,270 --> 00:40:52,560
there is no bedrock of consensus truth

1070
00:40:56,550 --> 00:40:55,280
there is no clearly unimpeachable source

1071
00:40:58,790 --> 00:40:56,560
material

1072
00:41:00,790 --> 00:40:58,800
there's not so much as a sticker saying

1073
00:41:02,309 --> 00:41:00,800
this end up slapped on the side of

1074
00:41:03,750 --> 00:41:02,319
ufology

1075
00:41:05,510 --> 00:41:03,760
but history

1076
00:41:08,470 --> 00:41:05,520
now that was something we had a handle

1077
00:41:10,470 --> 00:41:08,480
on and if there truly was a non-human

1078
00:41:12,710 --> 00:41:10,480
intelligence of some kind that was

1079
00:41:14,870 --> 00:41:12,720
interfering in human affairs

1080
00:41:17,349 --> 00:41:14,880
surely there would be evidence and i'm

1081
00:41:19,270 --> 00:41:17,359
not just talking about myths and legends

1082
00:41:20,790 --> 00:41:19,280
i'm not even talking about megalithic

1083
00:41:22,230 --> 00:41:20,800
stones and whether or not they were too

1084
00:41:24,309 --> 00:41:22,240
big to lift

1085
00:41:26,309 --> 00:41:24,319
all of that can be refuted and none of

1086
00:41:28,230 --> 00:41:26,319
that gives enough of a foundation of

1087
00:41:29,430 --> 00:41:28,240
certainty from which we can begin to

1088
00:41:32,230 --> 00:41:29,440
build

1089
00:41:35,270 --> 00:41:32,240
what i'm talking about is clear evidence

1090
00:41:37,829 --> 00:41:35,280
that the path of human history has been

1091
00:41:40,230 --> 00:41:37,839
in some way diverted or guided in ways

1092
00:41:41,990 --> 00:41:40,240
we can't explain by something bigger

1093
00:41:44,870 --> 00:41:42,000
than ourselves

1094
00:41:47,270 --> 00:41:44,880
and no one was more surprised than me

1095
00:41:49,510 --> 00:41:47,280
when i found exactly that

1096
00:41:53,550 --> 00:41:49,520
and i'd argue that the evidence is

1097
00:42:07,680 --> 00:42:07,670
[Music]

1098
00:42:07,680 --> 00:42:14,570
do

1099
00:43:53,270 --> 00:43:50,950
[Music]

1100
00:43:55,670 --> 00:43:53,280
if we accept that human civilization

1101
00:43:57,910 --> 00:43:55,680
emerged as the result of intervention by

1102
00:44:00,790 --> 00:43:57,920
a non-human intelligence in the distant

1103
00:44:02,630 --> 00:44:00,800
past and that this event is related in

1104
00:44:03,990 --> 00:44:02,640
some significant way to the ufo

1105
00:44:06,470 --> 00:44:04,000
phenomenon

1106
00:44:08,470 --> 00:44:06,480
this creates an interesting question

1107
00:44:11,109 --> 00:44:08,480
about the ufo phenomenon as we

1108
00:44:13,829 --> 00:44:11,119
experience it today which is

1109
00:44:15,910 --> 00:44:13,839
who is inside the ufos

1110
00:44:18,870 --> 00:44:15,920
well the most obvious answer would be

1111
00:44:20,390 --> 00:44:18,880
that it's the others whoever they are

1112
00:44:22,710 --> 00:44:20,400
perhaps they are some version of the

1113
00:44:25,430 --> 00:44:22,720
gods of old more or less immortal beings

1114
00:44:27,670 --> 00:44:25,440
with technology so advanced that even to

1115
00:44:29,190 --> 00:44:27,680
our modern eyes it looks more like magic

1116
00:44:31,589 --> 00:44:29,200
than science

1117
00:44:32,950 --> 00:44:31,599
and in episodes three four and five we

1118
00:44:35,270 --> 00:44:32,960
talked through several different

1119
00:44:38,150 --> 00:44:35,280
possibilities for who exactly they might

1120
00:44:40,069 --> 00:44:38,160
be and where they might have come from

1121
00:44:42,870 --> 00:44:40,079
but with the revelation that human

1122
00:44:44,630 --> 00:44:42,880
civilization could be thousands if not

1123
00:44:47,030 --> 00:44:44,640
tens of thousands years older than we

1124
00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:47,040
previously thought and with so much

1125
00:44:51,510 --> 00:44:49,200
evidence pointing to the startling fact

1126
00:44:53,750 --> 00:44:51,520
that some of our ancient ancestors may

1127
00:44:55,670 --> 00:44:53,760
have at least been exposed to advanced

1128
00:44:59,030 --> 00:44:55,680
technology which defies our current

1129
00:45:00,950 --> 00:44:59,040
understanding it suggests a profound new

1130
00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:00,960
possibility

1131
00:45:05,510 --> 00:45:03,440
what if some of the ufos that are being

1132
00:45:08,630 --> 00:45:05,520
reported in our skies and moving through

1133
00:45:10,710 --> 00:45:08,640
our oceans belong to humans

1134
00:45:13,589 --> 00:45:10,720
could what we're seeing be explained by

1135
00:45:15,990 --> 00:45:13,599
some isolated offshoot of humanity that

1136
00:45:18,630 --> 00:45:16,000
somehow kept the flame of civilization

1137
00:45:21,510 --> 00:45:18,640
alive across the millennia and that in

1138
00:45:24,470 --> 00:45:21,520
so doing got a technological head start

1139
00:45:27,349 --> 00:45:24,480
on us of 10 000 years or more

1140
00:45:29,349 --> 00:45:27,359
it's a fascinating possibility

1141
00:45:31,349 --> 00:45:29,359
but there is one mystery

1142
00:45:33,589 --> 00:45:31,359
more than any other that has turned me

1143
00:45:36,550 --> 00:45:33,599
inside out and kept me up late into the

1144
00:45:39,109 --> 00:45:36,560
night until dawn streaks the ceiling

1145
00:45:41,829 --> 00:45:39,119
in my mind the question that matters

1146
00:45:43,750 --> 00:45:41,839
isn't who built the megaliths or even

1147
00:45:47,589 --> 00:45:43,760
how they accomplished it

1148
00:45:49,910 --> 00:45:47,599
the only question that matters is why

1149
00:45:52,630 --> 00:45:49,920
why would people who were only recently

1150
00:45:55,510 --> 00:45:52,640
hunter-gatherers or perhaps still were

1151
00:45:57,270 --> 00:45:55,520
hunter-gatherers do this

1152
00:45:59,190 --> 00:45:57,280
the scale of these sites and the

1153
00:46:01,589 --> 00:45:59,200
megaliths that our ancestors cut to

1154
00:46:03,589 --> 00:46:01,599
raise them is enough to take our breath

1155
00:46:05,910 --> 00:46:03,599
away even now

1156
00:46:07,349 --> 00:46:05,920
their symmetry and perfection makes us

1157
00:46:09,349 --> 00:46:07,359
feel small

1158
00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:09,359
in their presence we speak in hushed

1159
00:46:12,870 --> 00:46:10,800
tones

1160
00:46:15,910 --> 00:46:12,880
how did people who spent all of their

1161
00:46:18,470 --> 00:46:15,920
lives in the natural world a place that

1162
00:46:21,270 --> 00:46:18,480
while full of grandeur and unspeakable

1163
00:46:23,990 --> 00:46:21,280
beauty is utterly devoid of the right

1164
00:46:26,069 --> 00:46:24,000
angles the precision and the elegant

1165
00:46:29,430 --> 00:46:26,079
geometry made manifest in these

1166
00:46:32,550 --> 00:46:29,440
megalithic temples and we assume them to

1167
00:46:34,630 --> 00:46:32,560
be temples or sacred religious sites

1168
00:46:36,790 --> 00:46:34,640
even when we have no other evidence for

1169
00:46:39,510 --> 00:46:36,800
calling them such because

1170
00:46:40,710 --> 00:46:39,520
in them we see what can only be called

1171
00:46:45,589 --> 00:46:40,720
worship

1172
00:46:48,069 --> 00:46:45,599
our bones

1173
00:46:50,950 --> 00:46:48,079
what did our ancestors see

1174
00:46:53,589 --> 00:46:50,960
what did they believe to be true

1175
00:46:56,390 --> 00:46:53,599
what made them strive to defy the very

1176
00:46:59,030 --> 00:46:56,400
limits of not just human ability but of

1177
00:47:01,510 --> 00:46:59,040
our capacity to recognize and create

1178
00:47:02,710 --> 00:47:01,520
both divine order and transcendent

1179
00:47:05,589 --> 00:47:02,720
beauty

1180
00:47:08,069 --> 00:47:05,599
and where did that capacity come from

1181
00:47:10,710 --> 00:47:08,079
when did it arise and how

1182
00:47:13,030 --> 00:47:10,720
and what sparked that ember of knowledge

1183
00:47:15,270 --> 00:47:13,040
and what fanned that flame to cause the

1184
00:47:17,510 --> 00:47:15,280
fever of megalithic building that seemed

1185
00:47:20,150 --> 00:47:17,520
to consume our ancestors in every

1186
00:47:22,150 --> 00:47:20,160
far-flung corner of the globe

1187
00:47:24,630 --> 00:47:22,160
did the stars call to them

1188
00:47:25,910 --> 00:47:24,640
did gods walk among them

1189
00:47:27,670 --> 00:47:25,920
or perhaps

1190
00:47:29,510 --> 00:47:27,680
they raised the megaliths because they

1191
00:47:31,829 --> 00:47:29,520
knew something that those who build

1192
00:47:34,549 --> 00:47:31,839
skyscrapers have forgotten

1193
00:47:36,950 --> 00:47:34,559
that everything is temporary that the

1194
00:47:39,190 --> 00:47:36,960
full sweep of human history is but a

1195
00:47:42,390 --> 00:47:39,200
moat floating in the infinite cosmic

1196
00:47:44,950 --> 00:47:42,400
wind and that mighty civilizations can

1197
00:47:47,190 --> 00:47:44,960
rise and fall leaving little more than a

1198
00:47:49,750 --> 00:47:47,200
whisper of their greatness

1199
00:47:55,930 --> 00:47:49,760
and that in the end

1200
00:48:41,020 --> 00:48:39,349
[Music]

1201
00:48:53,610 --> 00:48:41,030
me

1202
00:48:55,130 --> 00:48:53,620
[Music]

1203
00:49:01,620 --> 00:48:55,140
[Applause]

1204
00:49:02,060 --> 00:49:01,630
[Music]

1205
00:49:03,080 --> 00:49:02,070
[Applause]

1206
00:49:14,270 --> 00:49:03,090
[Music]

1207
00:49:27,780 --> 00:49:17,190
[Applause]

1208
00:49:57,270 --> 00:49:33,880
[Music]

1209
00:49:59,220 --> 00:49:57,280
[Applause]

1210
00:49:59,580 --> 00:49:59,230
you

1211
00:50:01,620 --> 00:49:59,590
[Music]

1212
00:50:07,990 --> 00:50:01,630
[Applause]

1213
00:50:24,280 --> 00:50:08,000
[Music]

1214
00:50:24,660 --> 00:50:24,290
[Applause]

1215
00:50:26,750 --> 00:50:24,670
[Music]

1216
00:50:29,650 --> 00:50:26,760
[Applause]

1217
00:50:31,780 --> 00:50:29,660
[Music]

1218
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:31,790
[Applause]

1219
00:50:38,110 --> 00:50:44,710
[Music]

1220
00:50:59,349 --> 00:50:46,710
so

1221
00:51:01,460 --> 00:50:59,359
[Music]

1222
00:51:12,630 --> 00:51:01,470
hmm

1223
00:51:17,349 --> 00:51:14,950
hidden at the center of this story about

1224
00:51:19,670 --> 00:51:17,359
the dawn of human civilization

1225
00:51:20,790 --> 00:51:19,680
is another near-forgotten chapter of our

1226
00:51:23,270 --> 00:51:20,800
history

1227
00:51:25,990 --> 00:51:23,280
a devastating global cataclysm in our

1228
00:51:29,349 --> 00:51:26,000
distant past that nearly extinguished

1229
00:51:31,589 --> 00:51:29,359
the light of human civilization forever

1230
00:51:32,470 --> 00:51:31,599
but what happened twelve thousand years

1231
00:51:34,710 --> 00:51:32,480
ago

1232
00:51:36,870 --> 00:51:34,720
and could it happen again

1233
00:51:38,870 --> 00:51:36,880
there are a few different theories none

1234
00:51:40,470 --> 00:51:38,880
of which is perfect but all of which are

1235
00:51:42,630 --> 00:51:40,480
super interesting

1236
00:51:44,630 --> 00:51:42,640
so what are they

1237
00:51:46,630 --> 00:51:44,640
as we've discussed the younger driest

1238
00:51:50,630 --> 00:51:46,640
refers to the last mini ice age that

1239
00:51:52,710 --> 00:51:50,640
occurred roughly between 12 900 and 11

1240
00:51:54,950 --> 00:51:52,720
600 years ago

1241
00:51:57,829 --> 00:51:54,960
there are lots of common misconceptions

1242
00:52:00,150 --> 00:51:57,839
about ice ages from what they are to how

1243
00:52:02,309 --> 00:52:00,160
long they last so it's worth taking a

1244
00:52:05,190 --> 00:52:02,319
minute to understand exactly what we

1245
00:52:07,270 --> 00:52:05,200
mean when we say ice age

1246
00:52:08,870 --> 00:52:07,280
we tend to think of an ice age as one

1247
00:52:11,750 --> 00:52:08,880
event that lasts for a few thousand

1248
00:52:15,430 --> 00:52:11,760
years and then ends but an ice age is

1249
00:52:18,470 --> 00:52:15,440
actually part of a much longer cycle

1250
00:52:20,790 --> 00:52:18,480
an ice age is a long interval of time

1251
00:52:22,710 --> 00:52:20,800
usually spanning millions to tens of

1252
00:52:24,790 --> 00:52:22,720
millions of years when global

1253
00:52:27,109 --> 00:52:24,800
temperatures are relatively cold

1254
00:52:29,190 --> 00:52:27,119
enlarged areas of the earth are covered

1255
00:52:30,470 --> 00:52:29,200
by continental ice sheets and alpine

1256
00:52:31,670 --> 00:52:30,480
glaciers

1257
00:52:34,069 --> 00:52:31,680
however

1258
00:52:36,069 --> 00:52:34,079
within an ice age are multiple shorter

1259
00:52:38,069 --> 00:52:36,079
term periods of warmer temperatures

1260
00:52:40,549 --> 00:52:38,079
where glaciers retreat called

1261
00:52:42,470 --> 00:52:40,559
interglacial cycles and periods of

1262
00:52:45,349 --> 00:52:42,480
colder temperatures when the glaciers

1263
00:52:47,510 --> 00:52:45,359
advance called glacial cycles

1264
00:52:49,829 --> 00:52:47,520
at least five major ice ages have

1265
00:52:52,710 --> 00:52:49,839
occurred throughout earth's history

1266
00:52:54,950 --> 00:52:52,720
the first was over two billion years ago

1267
00:52:57,510 --> 00:52:54,960
the most recent one began approximately

1268
00:52:59,430 --> 00:52:57,520
three million years ago and technically

1269
00:53:01,430 --> 00:52:59,440
it continues to this day

1270
00:53:03,510 --> 00:53:01,440
what we are experiencing now is one of

1271
00:53:06,150 --> 00:53:03,520
the interglacial cycles within the

1272
00:53:08,950 --> 00:53:06,160
larger cycle of the ice age

1273
00:53:10,549 --> 00:53:08,960
this interglacial period began about 11

1274
00:53:12,069 --> 00:53:10,559
000 years ago with the end of the

1275
00:53:13,910 --> 00:53:12,079
younger dryas

1276
00:53:16,309 --> 00:53:13,920
before that the last period of

1277
00:53:19,349 --> 00:53:16,319
glaciation which is often informally

1278
00:53:20,549 --> 00:53:19,359
called the ice age peaked around 20 000

1279
00:53:22,549 --> 00:53:20,559
years ago

1280
00:53:24,630 --> 00:53:22,559
as for when the next one will be we're

1281
00:53:26,630 --> 00:53:24,640
not actually sure

1282
00:53:29,109 --> 00:53:26,640
we know that ice ages are triggered by a

1283
00:53:31,829 --> 00:53:29,119
variety of complex geologic and

1284
00:53:34,069 --> 00:53:31,839
environmental factors including changes

1285
00:53:36,390 --> 00:53:34,079
in oceanic and atmospheric circulation

1286
00:53:38,630 --> 00:53:36,400
patterns varying concentrations of

1287
00:53:41,190 --> 00:53:38,640
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and

1288
00:53:43,430 --> 00:53:41,200
even volcanic eruptions

1289
00:53:45,430 --> 00:53:43,440
we suspect that the current ice age

1290
00:53:47,750 --> 00:53:45,440
began when the land bridge between north

1291
00:53:49,829 --> 00:53:47,760
and south america formed ending the

1292
00:53:51,990 --> 00:53:49,839
exchange of tropical water between the

1293
00:53:54,950 --> 00:53:52,000
atlantic and pacific oceans which

1294
00:53:57,510 --> 00:53:54,960
significantly altered ocean currents

1295
00:53:59,990 --> 00:53:57,520
but with climate change escalating at an

1296
00:54:01,990 --> 00:54:00,000
increasing and unprecedented rate it's

1297
00:54:04,230 --> 00:54:02,000
hard to tell what impact this may have

1298
00:54:06,710 --> 00:54:04,240
on the coming glacial cycles making it

1299
00:54:08,309 --> 00:54:06,720
difficult to impossible for scientists

1300
00:54:09,670 --> 00:54:08,319
to determine when the next one might

1301
00:54:10,710 --> 00:54:09,680
occur

1302
00:54:12,549 --> 00:54:10,720
however

1303
00:54:14,630 --> 00:54:12,559
none of this really helps us understand

1304
00:54:18,790 --> 00:54:14,640
the younger dryas

1305
00:54:21,349 --> 00:54:18,800
wasn't as simple as changing ocean

1306
00:54:23,270 --> 00:54:21,359
currents and the devastation that ensued

1307
00:54:24,549 --> 00:54:23,280
is evidence of something far more

1308
00:54:26,230 --> 00:54:24,559
profound

1309
00:54:28,470 --> 00:54:26,240
as you'll recall from the previous

1310
00:54:31,270 --> 00:54:28,480
episode at the onset of the younger

1311
00:54:33,430 --> 00:54:31,280
dryas there was a massive worldwide

1312
00:54:36,470 --> 00:54:33,440
extinction of large mammals weighing

1313
00:54:39,750 --> 00:54:36,480
over 40 kilograms or 88 pounds

1314
00:54:41,990 --> 00:54:39,760
it is estimated that 82 of these animals

1315
00:54:45,910 --> 00:54:42,000
disappeared in north america

1316
00:54:51,670 --> 00:54:45,920
74 in south america 71

1317
00:54:55,270 --> 00:54:51,680
in australasia 59 in europe 52 in asia

1318
00:54:57,589 --> 00:54:55,280
and 16 in sub-saharan africa

1319
00:54:59,750 --> 00:54:57,599
this mass extinction event marked the

1320
00:55:02,309 --> 00:54:59,760
demise of the mammoths as well as the

1321
00:55:05,109 --> 00:55:02,319
disappearance of horses in north america

1322
00:55:07,430 --> 00:55:05,119
and other species including bison deer

1323
00:55:08,789 --> 00:55:07,440
and moose suffered massive population

1324
00:55:11,109 --> 00:55:08,799
losses

1325
00:55:13,750 --> 00:55:11,119
this kind of near global extinction

1326
00:55:15,670 --> 00:55:13,760
event is not consistent with the simple

1327
00:55:18,630 --> 00:55:15,680
onset of an ice age

1328
00:55:20,710 --> 00:55:18,640
which tends to occur gradually and yet

1329
00:55:23,190 --> 00:55:20,720
this is the story that is still embraced

1330
00:55:25,589 --> 00:55:23,200
by most mainstream academics that the

1331
00:55:27,109 --> 00:55:25,599
younger dryas was caused by changes in

1332
00:55:29,349 --> 00:55:27,119
ocean currents

1333
00:55:31,109 --> 00:55:29,359
so what happened

1334
00:55:33,109 --> 00:55:31,119
one of the most popular and well

1335
00:55:35,750 --> 00:55:33,119
supported theories is that there was

1336
00:55:38,150 --> 00:55:35,760
some sort of a massive cataclysm a black

1337
00:55:39,910 --> 00:55:38,160
swan event of some kind that rapidly and

1338
00:55:42,309 --> 00:55:39,920
drastically changed the conditions on

1339
00:55:44,390 --> 00:55:42,319
the planet leading to a massive die-off

1340
00:55:46,470 --> 00:55:44,400
of terrestrial mammals

1341
00:55:48,630 --> 00:55:46,480
but there is considerable disagreement

1342
00:55:50,470 --> 00:55:48,640
about what this might have been

1343
00:55:52,069 --> 00:55:50,480
so let's talk about some of the most

1344
00:55:54,950 --> 00:55:52,079
popular theories

1345
00:55:56,950 --> 00:55:54,960
the first is a comet impact

1346
00:55:59,270 --> 00:55:56,960
many studies have shown significant

1347
00:56:00,870 --> 00:55:59,280
evidence of a major biomass burning

1348
00:56:03,030 --> 00:56:00,880
event that occurred right at the

1349
00:56:05,270 --> 00:56:03,040
beginning of the younger dryas

1350
00:56:07,510 --> 00:56:05,280
so basically something happened that

1351
00:56:09,589 --> 00:56:07,520
caused so much of the planet to catch on

1352
00:56:11,510 --> 00:56:09,599
fire that we can literally see it in the

1353
00:56:13,829 --> 00:56:11,520
geologic record

1354
00:56:16,069 --> 00:56:13,839
at sites around the world we've found a

1355
00:56:18,150 --> 00:56:16,079
thick black layer often called the

1356
00:56:20,789 --> 00:56:18,160
younger driest boundary that is

1357
00:56:22,230 --> 00:56:20,799
consistent with biomass burning right at

1358
00:56:24,309 --> 00:56:22,240
the depth that would align with the

1359
00:56:27,109 --> 00:56:24,319
beginning of the younger dryas

1360
00:56:29,190 --> 00:56:27,119
emphasizing how widespread this disaster

1361
00:56:32,390 --> 00:56:29,200
truly was

1362
00:56:34,870 --> 00:56:32,400
in ice cores from greenland antarctica

1363
00:56:37,430 --> 00:56:34,880
and russia we can see drastically

1364
00:56:39,589 --> 00:56:37,440
increased dust concentrations as well as

1365
00:56:41,910 --> 00:56:39,599
chemical signatures consistent with

1366
00:56:43,990 --> 00:56:41,920
massive biomass burning

1367
00:56:45,990 --> 00:56:44,000
whatever happened it left its mark

1368
00:56:48,630 --> 00:56:46,000
across the globe

1369
00:56:50,870 --> 00:56:48,640
for many the best explanation for this

1370
00:56:53,030 --> 00:56:50,880
would be a comet impact whether it be

1371
00:56:55,190 --> 00:56:53,040
one comet or many pieces of a comet that

1372
00:56:57,109 --> 00:56:55,200
may have broken apart that struck

1373
00:56:59,589 --> 00:56:57,119
somewhere in the northern hemisphere

1374
00:57:01,349 --> 00:56:59,599
most likely in north america

1375
00:57:03,910 --> 00:57:01,359
one study published in the journal of

1376
00:57:05,670 --> 00:57:03,920
geology estimated that as much as nine

1377
00:57:09,430 --> 00:57:05,680
percent of the earth's terrestrial

1378
00:57:11,589 --> 00:57:09,440
biomass burned in one devastating event

1379
00:57:13,430 --> 00:57:11,599
but after the fires died things would

1380
00:57:15,430 --> 00:57:13,440
have cooled down quickly

1381
00:57:17,109 --> 00:57:15,440
the amount of dust and ash in the

1382
00:57:19,829 --> 00:57:17,119
atmosphere would have blocked out the

1383
00:57:22,069 --> 00:57:19,839
sun causing temperatures to plummet

1384
00:57:24,309 --> 00:57:22,079
triggering a new ice age

1385
00:57:26,870 --> 00:57:24,319
another possibility and one that is

1386
00:57:28,630 --> 00:57:26,880
favored by dr robert shock whose work on

1387
00:57:30,069 --> 00:57:28,640
dating the sphinx we talked about in the

1388
00:57:32,309 --> 00:57:30,079
last episode

1389
00:57:34,390 --> 00:57:32,319
is a solar event

1390
00:57:36,710 --> 00:57:34,400
we tend to think of our sun as being

1391
00:57:38,069 --> 00:57:36,720
constant and stable but it's actually

1392
00:57:39,750 --> 00:57:38,079
anything but

1393
00:57:41,510 --> 00:57:39,760
it goes through periods of solar

1394
00:57:43,670 --> 00:57:41,520
maximums where it's very active and

1395
00:57:46,549 --> 00:57:43,680
erratic resulting in more activity like

1396
00:57:47,589 --> 00:57:46,559
sun spots and sun flares about every 11

1397
00:57:49,430 --> 00:57:47,599
years

1398
00:57:51,510 --> 00:57:49,440
we're generally protected from this sort

1399
00:57:53,109 --> 00:57:51,520
of activity by the electromagnetic field

1400
00:57:55,829 --> 00:57:53,119
that surrounds the earth

1401
00:57:57,430 --> 00:57:55,839
but like our sun this field also goes

1402
00:57:59,750 --> 00:57:57,440
through cycles where it's sometimes

1403
00:58:01,750 --> 00:57:59,760
stronger and sometimes weaker

1404
00:58:03,910 --> 00:58:01,760
without getting too in the weeds it

1405
00:58:06,710 --> 00:58:03,920
could be that a particularly violent

1406
00:58:08,789 --> 00:58:06,720
solar maximum could have coincided with

1407
00:58:11,270 --> 00:58:08,799
a weakening of the electromagnetic field

1408
00:58:13,270 --> 00:58:11,280
around the earth which could have caused

1409
00:58:15,270 --> 00:58:13,280
massive electrical storms and allowed

1410
00:58:16,789 --> 00:58:15,280
deadly cosmic rays and radiation to

1411
00:58:18,710 --> 00:58:16,799
reach the earth

1412
00:58:21,030 --> 00:58:18,720
this could also account for much of the

1413
00:58:22,870 --> 00:58:21,040
same evidence as a comet strike

1414
00:58:25,309 --> 00:58:22,880
and to be honest i don't think that i

1415
00:58:27,750 --> 00:58:25,319
have a firm enough grasp on the complex

1416
00:58:30,309 --> 00:58:27,760
geoclimatological factors involved to

1417
00:58:32,470 --> 00:58:30,319
give an opinion one way or another

1418
00:58:34,470 --> 00:58:32,480
suffice it to say the evidence of the

1419
00:58:36,230 --> 00:58:34,480
younger dryas was initiated by a

1420
00:58:38,870 --> 00:58:36,240
devastating burning event is

1421
00:58:40,870 --> 00:58:38,880
overwhelming but what caused it is still

1422
00:58:43,349 --> 00:58:40,880
a matter of some debate to be settled by

1423
00:58:44,470 --> 00:58:43,359
people much smarter than myself

1424
00:58:46,390 --> 00:58:44,480
however

1425
00:58:48,470 --> 00:58:46,400
there is another set of much more

1426
00:58:50,470 --> 00:58:48,480
bizarre theories about not just the

1427
00:58:53,349 --> 00:58:50,480
cataclysm that occurred at the onset of

1428
00:58:55,030 --> 00:58:53,359
the younger dryas but a long cycle of

1429
00:58:55,990 --> 00:58:55,040
cataclysms that have occurred on this

1430
00:58:58,950 --> 00:58:56,000
planet

1431
00:59:00,870 --> 00:58:58,960
and bizarre though they may be i promise

1432
00:59:03,589 --> 00:59:00,880
if you hear me out i'll make the case

1433
00:59:06,390 --> 00:59:03,599
for why this is worth your consideration

1434
00:59:08,470 --> 00:59:06,400
so let's look at the evidence

1435
00:59:10,789 --> 00:59:08,480
when we look at the earliest stories and

1436
00:59:13,349 --> 00:59:10,799
myths in cultures around the world we

1437
00:59:16,549 --> 00:59:13,359
find one story that appears again and

1438
00:59:18,870 --> 00:59:16,559
again which is that of a great flood

1439
00:59:21,190 --> 00:59:18,880
much like noah's flood in the bible

1440
00:59:22,309 --> 00:59:21,200
these stories tend to follow a common

1441
00:59:24,309 --> 00:59:22,319
course

1442
00:59:26,150 --> 00:59:24,319
there is a great flood that is sent by

1443
00:59:27,190 --> 00:59:26,160
one or more of the gods to destroy the

1444
00:59:29,190 --> 00:59:27,200
earth

1445
00:59:30,870 --> 00:59:29,200
only a handful of people are saved

1446
00:59:32,470 --> 00:59:30,880
usually by some kind of warning or

1447
00:59:34,390 --> 00:59:32,480
divine intervention

1448
00:59:36,309 --> 00:59:34,400
and after the flood the survivors

1449
00:59:38,069 --> 00:59:36,319
repopulate the earth

1450
00:59:40,470 --> 00:59:38,079
and because of the ubiquity of this

1451
00:59:42,150 --> 00:59:40,480
story there are many who argue that it

1452
00:59:44,309 --> 00:59:42,160
must have been a flood that was to blame

1453
00:59:46,710 --> 00:59:44,319
for the near erasure of whatever human

1454
00:59:48,150 --> 00:59:46,720
civilization existed before the younger

1455
00:59:50,470 --> 00:59:48,160
dryas

1456
00:59:52,710 --> 00:59:50,480
and i will say that through this process

1457
00:59:54,390 --> 00:59:52,720
one thing that i truly didn't expect but

1458
00:59:56,230 --> 00:59:54,400
that has been impressed upon me by the

1459
00:59:58,069 --> 00:59:56,240
evidence again and again

1460
00:59:59,910 --> 00:59:58,079
is that i don't think we give nearly

1461
01:00:01,750 --> 00:59:59,920
enough attention to ancient myths and

1462
01:00:03,349 --> 01:00:01,760
legends when it comes to understanding

1463
01:00:05,349 --> 01:00:03,359
our distant past

1464
01:00:07,670 --> 01:00:05,359
i'm not suggesting that we should treat

1465
01:00:09,430 --> 01:00:07,680
these as historical records but we

1466
01:00:11,270 --> 01:00:09,440
shouldn't dismiss what they have to say

1467
01:00:12,870 --> 01:00:11,280
out of hand either

1468
01:00:15,430 --> 01:00:12,880
stories that were important enough to

1469
01:00:17,750 --> 01:00:15,440
pass down through the ages to record in

1470
01:00:20,150 --> 01:00:17,760
the pages of our religious texts and to

1471
01:00:22,470 --> 01:00:20,160
literally chisel into the stone walls of

1472
01:00:24,470 --> 01:00:22,480
megalithic temples were important to

1473
01:00:27,030 --> 01:00:24,480
people for a reason

1474
01:00:29,190 --> 01:00:27,040
they may or may not convey literal truth

1475
01:00:31,829 --> 01:00:29,200
but they do reveal something about the

1476
01:00:34,230 --> 01:00:31,839
people telling the story and at the very

1477
01:00:35,670 --> 01:00:34,240
least i don't think it's crazy to argue

1478
01:00:37,349 --> 01:00:35,680
that the fact that this story of a

1479
01:00:39,349 --> 01:00:37,359
massive flood that nearly wiped out

1480
01:00:41,589 --> 01:00:39,359
humanity shows up in cultures around the

1481
01:00:44,309 --> 01:00:41,599
world following a nearly identical

1482
01:00:46,470 --> 01:00:44,319
narrative arc suggests some sort of

1483
01:00:48,789 --> 01:00:46,480
shared experience or awareness on the

1484
01:00:50,470 --> 01:00:48,799
part of our ancestors

1485
01:00:51,990 --> 01:00:50,480
let's stop for a minute and just say for

1486
01:00:54,069 --> 01:00:52,000
the sake of argument that a massive

1487
01:00:56,470 --> 01:00:54,079
global flood did happen in the distant

1488
01:00:58,789 --> 01:00:56,480
past wouldn't we expect to see exactly

1489
01:01:00,870 --> 01:00:58,799
what we're seeing wouldn't we expect it

1490
01:01:02,710 --> 01:01:00,880
to be recorded and myth and legend

1491
01:01:04,950 --> 01:01:02,720
across cultures

1492
01:01:07,190 --> 01:01:04,960
now of course that doesn't prove

1493
01:01:09,829 --> 01:01:07,200
anything and it doesn't really help us

1494
01:01:12,230 --> 01:01:09,839
to overcome the most obvious and logical

1495
01:01:13,190 --> 01:01:12,240
refutation of the reality of the great

1496
01:01:16,230 --> 01:01:13,200
flood

1497
01:01:18,230 --> 01:01:16,240
which is that as far as we know a global

1498
01:01:20,630 --> 01:01:18,240
flood on a scale that could nearly wipe

1499
01:01:22,230 --> 01:01:20,640
out humanity doesn't seem like it should

1500
01:01:24,230 --> 01:01:22,240
be possible

1501
01:01:26,549 --> 01:01:24,240
in the myths the flood was usually

1502
01:01:28,630 --> 01:01:26,559
caused by one or more deities but if

1503
01:01:30,630 --> 01:01:28,640
we're looking for an actual known

1504
01:01:32,549 --> 01:01:30,640
non-supernatural mechanism by which a

1505
01:01:34,150 --> 01:01:32,559
flood of the scale could have happened

1506
01:01:35,990 --> 01:01:34,160
we come up short

1507
01:01:37,589 --> 01:01:36,000
we're familiar with how floods happen

1508
01:01:39,510 --> 01:01:37,599
but they tend to be regional and

1509
01:01:41,349 --> 01:01:39,520
wouldn't explain the global impact that

1510
01:01:43,349 --> 01:01:41,359
the stories point to

1511
01:01:45,030 --> 01:01:43,359
we're even familiar with rising sea

1512
01:01:47,109 --> 01:01:45,040
levels and how entire cities and

1513
01:01:49,109 --> 01:01:47,119
low-lying coastal areas can end up under

1514
01:01:51,589 --> 01:01:49,119
water due to climate change

1515
01:01:53,829 --> 01:01:51,599
but looking at our modern day situation

1516
01:01:56,470 --> 01:01:53,839
even the most catastrophic estimates for

1517
01:01:58,069 --> 01:01:56,480
sea level rise by the year 2100 are at

1518
01:01:59,910 --> 01:01:58,079
about eight feet

1519
01:02:02,390 --> 01:01:59,920
which don't get me wrong would be

1520
01:02:04,630 --> 01:02:02,400
absolutely devastating but it wouldn't

1521
01:02:07,990 --> 01:02:04,640
happen overnight it wouldn't be the

1522
01:02:10,710 --> 01:02:08,000
great deluge described by our ancestors

1523
01:02:12,549 --> 01:02:10,720
so if the great flood was real

1524
01:02:14,150 --> 01:02:12,559
is there anything that could possibly

1525
01:02:16,789 --> 01:02:14,160
explain it

1526
01:02:19,190 --> 01:02:16,799
there just might be

1527
01:02:21,990 --> 01:02:19,200
and one theory describing this bizarre

1528
01:02:24,390 --> 01:02:22,000
cataclysm found an unlikely proponent in

1529
01:02:25,349 --> 01:02:24,400
one of the great minds of his or any

1530
01:02:27,349 --> 01:02:25,359
time

1531
01:02:29,670 --> 01:02:27,359
albert einstein

1532
01:02:31,750 --> 01:02:29,680
due to the scope and impact of his work

1533
01:02:34,069 --> 01:02:31,760
in the world of physics most people

1534
01:02:36,230 --> 01:02:34,079
don't realize that albert einstein also

1535
01:02:38,069 --> 01:02:36,240
had a considerable interest in the earth

1536
01:02:40,789 --> 01:02:38,079
sciences and made important

1537
01:02:43,349 --> 01:02:40,799
contributions in that field as well

1538
01:02:46,630 --> 01:02:43,359
in particular he did some important work

1539
01:02:48,789 --> 01:02:46,640
in the area of fluvial geomorphology

1540
01:02:51,270 --> 01:02:48,799
which is the study of landforms and

1541
01:02:53,910 --> 01:02:51,280
processes associated with rivers

1542
01:02:56,309 --> 01:02:53,920
einstein was the first to articulate how

1543
01:02:58,309 --> 01:02:56,319
helical flow helps determined meander

1544
01:03:00,789 --> 01:02:58,319
length and promotes down current

1545
01:03:02,870 --> 01:03:00,799
migration of the meandering rivers

1546
01:03:05,190 --> 01:03:02,880
so basically it was a model for how

1547
01:03:06,710 --> 01:03:05,200
rivers form and cut their path across a

1548
01:03:08,950 --> 01:03:06,720
landscape

1549
01:03:11,190 --> 01:03:08,960
einstein was also very interested in

1550
01:03:13,430 --> 01:03:11,200
emerging theories of the time including

1551
01:03:15,109 --> 01:03:13,440
charles hapgood's ideas about crust

1552
01:03:17,270 --> 01:03:15,119
displacement

1553
01:03:19,750 --> 01:03:17,280
what hackgood proposed was that the

1554
01:03:21,670 --> 01:03:19,760
uneven distribution of weight caused by

1555
01:03:22,950 --> 01:03:21,680
an accumulation of ice around the

1556
01:03:25,670 --> 01:03:22,960
earth's poles

1557
01:03:28,630 --> 01:03:25,680
could at times cause the earth's crust

1558
01:03:30,630 --> 01:03:28,640
to slip dramatically on its mantle by as

1559
01:03:32,950 --> 01:03:30,640
much as 30 degrees

1560
01:03:35,910 --> 01:03:32,960
the impact of such an event would be

1561
01:03:38,390 --> 01:03:35,920
absolutely catastrophic and would result

1562
01:03:41,029 --> 01:03:38,400
in everything from volcanic eruptions to

1563
01:03:43,510 --> 01:03:41,039
massive flash floods worldwide

1564
01:03:45,510 --> 01:03:43,520
it would also cause the poles to change

1565
01:03:47,029 --> 01:03:45,520
position as the land that used to be

1566
01:03:49,349 --> 01:03:47,039
over the poles would be shifted

1567
01:03:51,270 --> 01:03:49,359
thousands of miles away

1568
01:03:54,150 --> 01:03:51,280
hapgood presented extensive

1569
01:03:56,789 --> 01:03:54,160
climatological research that he claimed

1570
01:03:58,950 --> 01:03:56,799
and which einstein agreed supported his

1571
01:04:01,270 --> 01:03:58,960
hypothesis that global patterns of

1572
01:04:02,150 --> 01:04:01,280
climate change over the past 100 000

1573
01:04:04,309 --> 01:04:02,160
years

1574
01:04:06,549 --> 01:04:04,319
could be the result of displacements of

1575
01:04:09,109 --> 01:04:06,559
the earth's crust and corresponding

1576
01:04:11,829 --> 01:04:09,119
shifts of the geographic poles

1577
01:04:14,069 --> 01:04:11,839
in modeling the data he proposed that

1578
01:04:17,430 --> 01:04:14,079
three geographic poll shifts had

1579
01:04:19,910 --> 01:04:17,440
occurred over the past 100 000 years

1580
01:04:22,230 --> 01:04:19,920
according to hapgood approximately a

1581
01:04:24,069 --> 01:04:22,240
hundred thousand years ago the north

1582
01:04:26,950 --> 01:04:24,079
pole was in the yukon

1583
01:04:29,829 --> 01:04:26,960
then around 75 000 years ago it shifted

1584
01:04:32,470 --> 01:04:29,839
to a spot between iceland and norway

1585
01:04:34,470 --> 01:04:32,480
around 50 000 years ago it shifted from

1586
01:04:37,510 --> 01:04:34,480
there to the hudson bay

1587
01:04:39,430 --> 01:04:37,520
and then finally sometime around 12 000

1588
01:04:41,029 --> 01:04:39,440
years ago it shifted to its current

1589
01:04:43,270 --> 01:04:41,039
location

1590
01:04:44,470 --> 01:04:43,280
and there's that 12 000 years ago date

1591
01:04:46,789 --> 01:04:44,480
again

1592
01:04:48,710 --> 01:04:46,799
now the mainstream scientific stance is

1593
01:04:51,109 --> 01:04:48,720
that this is impossible and that the

1594
01:04:53,829 --> 01:04:51,119
shifting of the poles does happen but

1595
01:04:56,470 --> 01:04:53,839
very slowly approximately 30 degrees

1596
01:04:58,390 --> 01:04:56,480
over the past 200 million years

1597
01:05:00,309 --> 01:04:58,400
and i honestly hope that they're right

1598
01:05:02,150 --> 01:05:00,319
on this one because i frankly find this

1599
01:05:05,349 --> 01:05:02,160
idea to be terrifying

1600
01:05:07,029 --> 01:05:05,359
einstein however was super into it

1601
01:05:08,870 --> 01:05:07,039
over the last couple years of his life

1602
01:05:10,870 --> 01:05:08,880
einstein maintained an ongoing

1603
01:05:13,029 --> 01:05:10,880
correspondence with hapgood about his

1604
01:05:15,190 --> 01:05:13,039
ideas and was very encouraging of his

1605
01:05:16,950 --> 01:05:15,200
efforts and while he did eventually

1606
01:05:18,789 --> 01:05:16,960
convince hapgood that the weight of

1607
01:05:20,549 --> 01:05:18,799
polar ice wouldn't be sufficient to

1608
01:05:22,390 --> 01:05:20,559
shift the earth's crust

1609
01:05:24,069 --> 01:05:22,400
he was compelled by the evidence that

1610
01:05:26,870 --> 01:05:24,079
the polls had

1611
01:05:29,109 --> 01:05:26,880
somehow shifted dramatically

1612
01:05:31,109 --> 01:05:29,119
einstein was such a fan of hapgood's

1613
01:05:33,829 --> 01:05:31,119
work that he actually wrote the foreword

1614
01:05:35,829 --> 01:05:33,839
to his book earth's shifting crust

1615
01:05:38,150 --> 01:05:35,839
and when einstein passed away it was

1616
01:05:39,589 --> 01:05:38,160
that very same book that still sat open

1617
01:05:41,910 --> 01:05:39,599
on his desk

1618
01:05:44,789 --> 01:05:41,920
but it wasn't just hapgood whose work

1619
01:05:47,589 --> 01:05:44,799
caught einstein's attention an even more

1620
01:05:50,470 --> 01:05:47,599
bombastic theory about cyclical global

1621
01:05:54,309 --> 01:05:50,480
cataclysms was put forth by a man named

1622
01:05:56,390 --> 01:05:54,319
emmanuel velikovsky in 1940 in his book

1623
01:05:58,870 --> 01:05:56,400
worlds in collision

1624
01:06:01,190 --> 01:05:58,880
velikovsky compared numerous natural

1625
01:06:03,750 --> 01:06:01,200
disasters in the bible and other ancient

1626
01:06:04,789 --> 01:06:03,760
texts and based on that he proposed the

1627
01:06:07,589 --> 01:06:04,799
following

1628
01:06:09,910 --> 01:06:07,599
truly wild scenario

1629
01:06:12,870 --> 01:06:09,920
according to velikovsky at some point in

1630
01:06:15,029 --> 01:06:12,880
the past jupiter somehow burped out a

1631
01:06:17,109 --> 01:06:15,039
comet that then fell toward the sun in a

1632
01:06:19,430 --> 01:06:17,119
long elliptical orbit

1633
01:06:21,510 --> 01:06:19,440
as it went past mars it pulled it out of

1634
01:06:22,710 --> 01:06:21,520
its orbit and also yanked off its

1635
01:06:24,870 --> 01:06:22,720
atmosphere

1636
01:06:27,270 --> 01:06:24,880
it then passed the earth causing a

1637
01:06:30,069 --> 01:06:27,280
series of catastrophes which repeated

1638
01:06:32,470 --> 01:06:30,079
approximately every 52 years as it made

1639
01:06:35,029 --> 01:06:32,480
its long orbit around the sun

1640
01:06:37,109 --> 01:06:35,039
before eventually settling into orbit

1641
01:06:39,750 --> 01:06:37,119
between mercury and the earth becoming

1642
01:06:40,549 --> 01:06:39,760
the planet we now know is venus

1643
01:06:42,710 --> 01:06:40,559
now

1644
01:06:44,549 --> 01:06:42,720
i'm sure i don't need to tell any of you

1645
01:06:46,630 --> 01:06:44,559
that there is literally nothing in all

1646
01:06:48,150 --> 01:06:46,640
of science that would support that

1647
01:06:50,150 --> 01:06:48,160
the entire thing is absurd and

1648
01:06:51,750 --> 01:06:50,160
impossible for a multitude of reasons

1649
01:06:52,789 --> 01:06:51,760
that a fifth grader could likely point

1650
01:06:55,910 --> 01:06:52,799
out

1651
01:06:58,870 --> 01:06:55,920
so why was albert einstein wasting his

1652
01:07:01,109 --> 01:06:58,880
time on these crazy ideas

1653
01:07:03,589 --> 01:07:01,119
well from what we find in the record of

1654
01:07:05,589 --> 01:07:03,599
correspondence between the two men

1655
01:07:08,470 --> 01:07:05,599
einstein believed that there was at

1656
01:07:10,150 --> 01:07:08,480
least part of his idea that had merit he

1657
01:07:12,789 --> 01:07:10,160
wrote the following in a letter to

1658
01:07:14,309 --> 01:07:12,799
velikovsky about his book

1659
01:07:16,710 --> 01:07:14,319
i have read the whole book about the

1660
01:07:18,870 --> 01:07:16,720
planet venus there is much of interest

1661
01:07:21,670 --> 01:07:18,880
in the book which proves that in fact

1662
01:07:24,549 --> 01:07:21,680
catastrophes have taken place which must

1663
01:07:25,510 --> 01:07:24,559
be attributed to extraterrestrial causes

1664
01:07:27,430 --> 01:07:25,520
however

1665
01:07:29,829 --> 01:07:27,440
it is evident to every sensible

1666
01:07:32,630 --> 01:07:29,839
physicist that these catastrophes can

1667
01:07:34,710 --> 01:07:32,640
have nothing to do with the planet venus

1668
01:07:36,630 --> 01:07:34,720
your arguments in this regard are so

1669
01:07:39,510 --> 01:07:36,640
weak as opposed to the mechanical

1670
01:07:41,589 --> 01:07:39,520
astronomical ones that no expert will be

1671
01:07:43,670 --> 01:07:41,599
able to take them seriously

1672
01:07:45,829 --> 01:07:43,680
it were best in my opinion if you would

1673
01:07:48,470 --> 01:07:45,839
in this way revise your books which

1674
01:07:50,630 --> 01:07:48,480
contain truly valuable material

1675
01:07:52,710 --> 01:07:50,640
if you cannot decide on this then what

1676
01:07:54,710 --> 01:07:52,720
is valuable in your deliberations will

1677
01:07:56,870 --> 01:07:54,720
become ineffective and it may be

1678
01:07:58,789 --> 01:07:56,880
difficult finding a sensible publisher

1679
01:08:01,349 --> 01:07:58,799
who would take the risk of such a heavy

1680
01:08:03,910 --> 01:08:01,359
fiasco upon himself

1681
01:08:06,470 --> 01:08:03,920
or as he said more succinctly in a later

1682
01:08:09,750 --> 01:08:06,480
letter regarding velikovsky's work

1683
01:08:11,990 --> 01:08:09,760
i can say in short catastrophes yes

1684
01:08:14,230 --> 01:08:12,000
venus no

1685
01:08:15,829 --> 01:08:14,240
einstein's rather direct feedback didn't

1686
01:08:17,910 --> 01:08:15,839
seem to have a negative impact on his

1687
01:08:19,669 --> 01:08:17,920
relationship with felikovsky and

1688
01:08:21,269 --> 01:08:19,679
einstein continued to encourage him in

1689
01:08:23,110 --> 01:08:21,279
his work through their nine year

1690
01:08:26,149 --> 01:08:23,120
correspondence

1691
01:08:28,149 --> 01:08:26,159
so what becomes clear is that although

1692
01:08:31,030 --> 01:08:28,159
einstein wasn't compelled by their

1693
01:08:33,590 --> 01:08:31,040
explanations for the exact mechanisms of

1694
01:08:36,229 --> 01:08:33,600
how these cataclysms occurred

1695
01:08:38,709 --> 01:08:36,239
he was convinced by the work of both men

1696
01:08:42,149 --> 01:08:38,719
surrounding the reality of cyclical

1697
01:08:43,430 --> 01:08:42,159
global cataclysms in our distant past

1698
01:08:44,950 --> 01:08:43,440
now granted

1699
01:08:47,110 --> 01:08:44,960
just because he was one of the greatest

1700
01:08:49,590 --> 01:08:47,120
thinkers in human history doesn't mean

1701
01:08:51,829 --> 01:08:49,600
that einstein was infallible and just

1702
01:08:54,630 --> 01:08:51,839
because he took an interest in the topic

1703
01:08:56,870 --> 01:08:54,640
doesn't mean that it's necessarily true

1704
01:08:59,510 --> 01:08:56,880
but it is interesting

1705
01:09:02,309 --> 01:08:59,520
and einstein isn't the only notable to

1706
01:09:05,110 --> 01:09:02,319
have taken an interest in this idea

1707
01:09:06,550 --> 01:09:05,120
the cia has actually shown an interest

1708
01:09:09,430 --> 01:09:06,560
as well

1709
01:09:12,390 --> 01:09:09,440
in 2013 among a massive dump of newly

1710
01:09:13,829 --> 01:09:12,400
declassified cia files was something

1711
01:09:16,870 --> 01:09:13,839
very strange

1712
01:09:19,189 --> 01:09:16,880
a sanitized version of a book called the

1713
01:09:21,990 --> 01:09:19,199
story of adam and eve

1714
01:09:24,630 --> 01:09:22,000
this book was written in 1966 by a

1715
01:09:25,669 --> 01:09:24,640
former u.s air force employee named chan

1716
01:09:28,070 --> 01:09:25,679
thomas

1717
01:09:32,390 --> 01:09:28,080
but before the book was released it was

1718
01:09:35,030 --> 01:09:32,400
seized banned and classified by the cia

1719
01:09:37,910 --> 01:09:35,040
the original book was allegedly over 200

1720
01:09:39,829 --> 01:09:37,920
pages but only 57 pages remain in the

1721
01:09:41,510 --> 01:09:39,839
sanitized version that was released in

1722
01:09:42,550 --> 01:09:41,520
2013.

1723
01:09:44,789 --> 01:09:42,560
so

1724
01:09:47,990 --> 01:09:44,799
what could this book possibly say that

1725
01:09:50,309 --> 01:09:48,000
would make the cia take such an interest

1726
01:09:52,229 --> 01:09:50,319
and go to such great lengths to keep the

1727
01:09:54,310 --> 01:09:52,239
public from reading it

1728
01:09:56,390 --> 01:09:54,320
i've read the declassified version and

1729
01:09:58,310 --> 01:09:56,400
i've got to tell you it's more than a

1730
01:10:00,550 --> 01:09:58,320
little perplexing

1731
01:10:01,990 --> 01:10:00,560
the book describes a series of disasters

1732
01:10:04,470 --> 01:10:02,000
that have occurred on the planet at

1733
01:10:05,430 --> 01:10:04,480
intervals of approximately every 7 000

1734
01:10:07,270 --> 01:10:05,440
years

1735
01:10:09,590 --> 01:10:07,280
these disasters are caused by the

1736
01:10:11,990 --> 01:10:09,600
earth's crust becoming unbalanced and

1737
01:10:14,709 --> 01:10:12,000
slipping along the mantle much like in

1738
01:10:16,550 --> 01:10:14,719
the crust displacement theory but this

1739
01:10:18,950 --> 01:10:16,560
is on another level

1740
01:10:21,350 --> 01:10:18,960
instead of the crust slipping 30 degrees

1741
01:10:23,510 --> 01:10:21,360
or so the story of adam and eve

1742
01:10:25,990 --> 01:10:23,520
describes a scenario in which the poles

1743
01:10:29,189 --> 01:10:26,000
would swing basically all the way down

1744
01:10:31,350 --> 01:10:29,199
to the equator in a matter of hours

1745
01:10:33,510 --> 01:10:31,360
according to the book when this happens

1746
01:10:35,189 --> 01:10:33,520
the oceans and atmosphere continue to

1747
01:10:38,709 --> 01:10:35,199
spin in the direction that they always

1748
01:10:41,910 --> 01:10:38,719
have while the crust moves independently

1749
01:10:44,630 --> 01:10:41,920
this causes catastrophic 1000 mile per

1750
01:10:46,870 --> 01:10:44,640
hour winds and even more disturbingly

1751
01:10:48,870 --> 01:10:46,880
the oceans continue their journey west

1752
01:10:51,189 --> 01:10:48,880
to east with the spinning of the earth

1753
01:10:53,669 --> 01:10:51,199
while the crust is jerked north to south

1754
01:10:56,790 --> 01:10:53,679
which according to the book would cause

1755
01:10:58,950 --> 01:10:56,800
a massive two mile high wave

1756
01:11:01,030 --> 01:10:58,960
in the u.s this wave would start on the

1757
01:11:03,669 --> 01:11:01,040
west coast and move east across the

1758
01:11:06,630 --> 01:11:03,679
entire continent covering it in over a

1759
01:11:09,189 --> 01:11:06,640
mile of water in under three hours

1760
01:11:11,030 --> 01:11:09,199
this wave would circumnavigate the globe

1761
01:11:12,709 --> 01:11:11,040
several times and would take up to a

1762
01:11:15,350 --> 01:11:12,719
week to settle back down into its

1763
01:11:17,750 --> 01:11:15,360
original resting place having completely

1764
01:11:19,350 --> 01:11:17,760
decimated and resurfaced the globe in

1765
01:11:21,350 --> 01:11:19,360
the process

1766
01:11:23,510 --> 01:11:21,360
the book makes other eyebrow raising

1767
01:11:25,270 --> 01:11:23,520
claims which run the gamut from an

1768
01:11:26,870 --> 01:11:25,280
argument that the book of genesis

1769
01:11:29,110 --> 01:11:26,880
doesn't describe the creation of the

1770
01:11:31,110 --> 01:11:29,120
planet but rather the seven days that it

1771
01:11:32,950 --> 01:11:31,120
took for the oceans to stop sloshing

1772
01:11:34,550 --> 01:11:32,960
around in the skies to clear after the

1773
01:11:36,790 --> 01:11:34,560
last cataclysm

1774
01:11:39,430 --> 01:11:36,800
to the idea that jesus spent the missing

1775
01:11:40,950 --> 01:11:39,440
years of his early life in india

1776
01:11:42,790 --> 01:11:40,960
i really don't know what to make of any

1777
01:11:44,630 --> 01:11:42,800
of this but it does raise some

1778
01:11:45,830 --> 01:11:44,640
interesting questions

1779
01:11:48,149 --> 01:11:45,840
first of all

1780
01:11:49,590 --> 01:11:48,159
why did the cia classify this book in

1781
01:11:51,750 --> 01:11:49,600
the first place

1782
01:11:53,590 --> 01:11:51,760
it's hard to know because they took out

1783
01:11:55,270 --> 01:11:53,600
all the parts that are still classified

1784
01:11:57,189 --> 01:11:55,280
and what we are left with are the parts

1785
01:11:59,350 --> 01:11:57,199
that we're allowed to read

1786
01:12:01,350 --> 01:11:59,360
but the general thrust of the book seems

1787
01:12:03,590 --> 01:12:01,360
to be focused on these recurring

1788
01:12:05,750 --> 01:12:03,600
geological cataclysms and their

1789
01:12:08,790 --> 01:12:05,760
historical and spiritual tie to the

1790
01:12:10,630 --> 01:12:08,800
history and development of humanity so

1791
01:12:13,669 --> 01:12:10,640
the missing pages are almost certainly

1792
01:12:16,550 --> 01:12:13,679
related to that idea in some way

1793
01:12:18,229 --> 01:12:16,560
but the thing is none of that is new

1794
01:12:20,870 --> 01:12:18,239
even back when the book was originally

1795
01:12:22,470 --> 01:12:20,880
supposed to be published in 1966 this

1796
01:12:24,950 --> 01:12:22,480
idea wasn't new

1797
01:12:27,750 --> 01:12:24,960
hapgood's book earthshifting crust had

1798
01:12:30,149 --> 01:12:27,760
already been out for almost a decade

1799
01:12:31,669 --> 01:12:30,159
and in the decades since countless books

1800
01:12:33,430 --> 01:12:31,679
have been written putting forward

1801
01:12:35,350 --> 01:12:33,440
similar hypotheses

1802
01:12:38,470 --> 01:12:35,360
and none of those have been banned

1803
01:12:41,030 --> 01:12:38,480
so what was different about this book

1804
01:12:42,950 --> 01:12:41,040
second of all why was the cia even

1805
01:12:45,350 --> 01:12:42,960
paying attention to this

1806
01:12:47,350 --> 01:12:45,360
chan thomas was allegedly a former air

1807
01:12:49,590 --> 01:12:47,360
force employee but it's unclear at least

1808
01:12:51,430 --> 01:12:49,600
from my research what his job was but he

1809
01:12:52,950 --> 01:12:51,440
wasn't in the service

1810
01:12:55,030 --> 01:12:52,960
he had a degree in electrical

1811
01:12:57,030 --> 01:12:55,040
engineering from dartmouth but he spent

1812
01:12:59,350 --> 01:12:57,040
most of his career positioning himself

1813
01:13:02,310 --> 01:12:59,360
as the world's leading authority in the

1814
01:13:04,390 --> 01:13:02,320
field of cataclysmic geology and claimed

1815
01:13:05,750 --> 01:13:04,400
to have accurately predicted a number of

1816
01:13:07,910 --> 01:13:05,760
earthquakes

1817
01:13:10,229 --> 01:13:07,920
and most of his message seemed to be

1818
01:13:12,470 --> 01:13:10,239
apocalyptic focusing on the idea that

1819
01:13:15,350 --> 01:13:12,480
the last time this cataclysm supposedly

1820
01:13:17,350 --> 01:13:15,360
occurred was 6 500 years ago and that

1821
01:13:18,550 --> 01:13:17,360
were due for another one basically any

1822
01:13:19,990 --> 01:13:18,560
minute

1823
01:13:22,070 --> 01:13:20,000
but once again

1824
01:13:24,470 --> 01:13:22,080
none of this is new or different

1825
01:13:26,550 --> 01:13:24,480
each new decade brings a new crop of new

1826
01:13:28,310 --> 01:13:26,560
age prophets who come bearing overly

1827
01:13:30,709 --> 01:13:28,320
grandiose claims about their own

1828
01:13:33,270 --> 01:13:30,719
abilities and dire apocalyptic

1829
01:13:35,669 --> 01:13:33,280
predictions for the future of humanity

1830
01:13:37,590 --> 01:13:35,679
i mean no shade intended but that's like

1831
01:13:40,470 --> 01:13:37,600
half the shows on gaia

1832
01:13:43,270 --> 01:13:40,480
so once again why do they care about

1833
01:13:45,910 --> 01:13:43,280
this book and this author and why risk

1834
01:13:47,669 --> 01:13:45,920
legitimizing something by classifying it

1835
01:13:49,990 --> 01:13:47,679
when they could have just let it slowly

1836
01:13:52,310 --> 01:13:50,000
drift into obscurity collecting dust and

1837
01:13:54,550 --> 01:13:52,320
basements and used bookstores

1838
01:13:56,630 --> 01:13:54,560
why was this on their radar why pay

1839
01:13:58,870 --> 01:13:56,640
attention to it at all

1840
01:14:00,950 --> 01:13:58,880
i don't have those answers and i in no

1841
01:14:02,790 --> 01:14:00,960
way mean to suggest that this oddball

1842
01:14:05,350 --> 01:14:02,800
little book that was declassified by the

1843
01:14:07,510 --> 01:14:05,360
cia proves anything about either the

1844
01:14:09,590 --> 01:14:07,520
reality or the nature of cyclical

1845
01:14:11,830 --> 01:14:09,600
planet-wide cataclysms

1846
01:14:13,510 --> 01:14:11,840
after all that seems to be the bulk of

1847
01:14:15,510 --> 01:14:13,520
the parts that they left in the

1848
01:14:18,390 --> 01:14:15,520
declassified version

1849
01:14:21,110 --> 01:14:18,400
but it seems clear that the cia at least

1850
01:14:22,709 --> 01:14:21,120
in the 1960s saw this information as

1851
01:14:24,470 --> 01:14:22,719
potentially being a threat to our

1852
01:14:27,189 --> 01:14:24,480
national security

1853
01:14:28,870 --> 01:14:27,199
and that is interesting

1854
01:14:31,110 --> 01:14:28,880
but there's one more piece of evidence

1855
01:14:32,310 --> 01:14:31,120
that to be honest blew my mind

1856
01:14:34,550 --> 01:14:32,320
completely

1857
01:14:36,390 --> 01:14:34,560
so we know that megalithic structures

1858
01:14:37,830 --> 01:14:36,400
were almost always built in alignment

1859
01:14:39,990 --> 01:14:37,840
with the cardinal directions or

1860
01:14:41,350 --> 01:14:40,000
significant astronomical events like the

1861
01:14:43,430 --> 01:14:41,360
solstice

1862
01:14:45,270 --> 01:14:43,440
and in many places these alignments are

1863
01:14:47,110 --> 01:14:45,280
done with a level of precision that

1864
01:14:49,110 --> 01:14:47,120
humanity wouldn't be able to replicate

1865
01:14:51,830 --> 01:14:49,120
for thousands of years

1866
01:14:53,750 --> 01:14:51,840
but strangely this doesn't apply to all

1867
01:14:56,310 --> 01:14:53,760
megalithic structures

1868
01:14:59,350 --> 01:14:56,320
in certain places particularly in south

1869
01:15:01,270 --> 01:14:59,360
america mesoamerica and egypt the

1870
01:15:02,470 --> 01:15:01,280
alignments are slightly off at certain

1871
01:15:04,070 --> 01:15:02,480
sites

1872
01:15:06,070 --> 01:15:04,080
why would these alignments be so

1873
01:15:07,430 --> 01:15:06,080
important in some cases but not in

1874
01:15:09,910 --> 01:15:07,440
others

1875
01:15:13,110 --> 01:15:09,920
a study was done by author and scientist

1876
01:15:15,110 --> 01:15:13,120
mark j carlotto that looked at 200

1877
01:15:17,270 --> 01:15:15,120
megalithic sites around the world and

1878
01:15:19,110 --> 01:15:17,280
found that almost half of them couldn't

1879
01:15:20,870 --> 01:15:19,120
be explained in terms of traditional

1880
01:15:22,709 --> 01:15:20,880
alignments

1881
01:15:24,550 --> 01:15:22,719
but remember our old friend charles

1882
01:15:26,550 --> 01:15:24,560
hapgood in his theory that the polls

1883
01:15:28,790 --> 01:15:26,560
shifted dramatically three times over

1884
01:15:30,709 --> 01:15:28,800
the past one hundred thousand years

1885
01:15:32,630 --> 01:15:30,719
carlotto hypothesized that the

1886
01:15:34,950 --> 01:15:32,640
alignments of these sites might

1887
01:15:36,790 --> 01:15:34,960
correspond to hapgood's proposed poll

1888
01:15:39,270 --> 01:15:36,800
locations

1889
01:15:40,870 --> 01:15:39,280
taking the group of unexplained sites he

1890
01:15:42,790 --> 01:15:40,880
developed an algorithm that would

1891
01:15:44,870 --> 01:15:42,800
generate a best fit model for the

1892
01:15:45,669 --> 01:15:44,880
locations of the poles they were aligned

1893
01:15:49,669 --> 01:15:45,679
to

1894
01:15:51,669 --> 01:15:49,679
what hapgood proposed

1895
01:15:53,750 --> 01:15:51,679
both hapgood and carlotto predicted that

1896
01:15:55,990 --> 01:15:53,760
the most recent poll before our current

1897
01:15:58,709 --> 01:15:56,000
one was in the hudson bay and they're

1898
01:16:00,709 --> 01:15:58,719
only 200 miles apart from each other

1899
01:16:02,790 --> 01:16:00,719
carlotto's model predicted a pole in

1900
01:16:05,110 --> 01:16:02,800
greenland that was immediately preceded

1901
01:16:08,229 --> 01:16:05,120
by a pole in the norwegian sea and

1902
01:16:10,630 --> 01:16:08,239
hapgood's iceland norway pole is 1250

1903
01:16:12,310 --> 01:16:10,640
miles away from the former and 300 miles

1904
01:16:14,870 --> 01:16:12,320
away from the ladder

1905
01:16:17,110 --> 01:16:14,880
and finally carlotto predicted a pole in

1906
01:16:19,910 --> 01:16:17,120
the bering strait that is about 1500

1907
01:16:22,950 --> 01:16:19,920
miles from hapgood's pole in the yukon

1908
01:16:25,110 --> 01:16:22,960
it's not exact but it's pretty close

1909
01:16:27,110 --> 01:16:25,120
so if we take for granted for a moment

1910
01:16:29,189 --> 01:16:27,120
that carlotto is correct and that the

1911
01:16:31,590 --> 01:16:29,199
alignment of these megalithic structures

1912
01:16:32,630 --> 01:16:31,600
confirms hapgood's polls and his general

1913
01:16:35,270 --> 01:16:32,640
thesis

1914
01:16:37,350 --> 01:16:35,280
then we are able to attach a general

1915
01:16:39,669 --> 01:16:37,360
time period to the structures that are

1916
01:16:41,189 --> 01:16:39,679
aligned to each of these poles

1917
01:16:43,189 --> 01:16:41,199
and when we do this

1918
01:16:45,350 --> 01:16:43,199
what do we find

1919
01:16:47,189 --> 01:16:45,360
well not surprisingly we find that the

1920
01:16:49,270 --> 01:16:47,199
majority of the megalithic sites on the

1921
01:16:51,110 --> 01:16:49,280
planet aligned to our current poll

1922
01:16:53,350 --> 01:16:51,120
including the pyramids of giza and the

1923
01:16:54,470 --> 01:16:53,360
delphi amphitheater in greece

1924
01:16:58,310 --> 01:16:54,480
however

1925
01:17:01,350 --> 01:16:58,320
certain sites such as pumapunku tiuanaku

1926
01:17:04,470 --> 01:17:01,360
balbeck the western wall in jerusalem

1927
01:17:06,950 --> 01:17:04,480
and tinocticlan in mexico are aligned to

1928
01:17:09,110 --> 01:17:06,960
the greenland pole which according to

1929
01:17:12,470 --> 01:17:09,120
hapgood's climate data would make them

1930
01:17:15,110 --> 01:17:12,480
at least 50 000 years old or around the

1931
01:17:17,750 --> 01:17:15,120
same age as the sunken city in cuba

1932
01:17:20,310 --> 01:17:17,760
and shockingly there are a number of

1933
01:17:22,390 --> 01:17:20,320
sites that align to the bering sea pole

1934
01:17:24,630 --> 01:17:22,400
and interestingly a disproportionate

1935
01:17:26,550 --> 01:17:24,640
amount of those sites are in peru

1936
01:17:28,470 --> 01:17:26,560
and among them are the sites whose

1937
01:17:30,950 --> 01:17:28,480
foundations of massively cut and

1938
01:17:33,430 --> 01:17:30,960
precisely placed megaliths we discussed

1939
01:17:35,430 --> 01:17:33,440
earlier that were built upon again and

1940
01:17:37,350 --> 01:17:35,440
again without ever coming close to

1941
01:17:40,390 --> 01:17:37,360
matching their former glory

1942
01:17:43,110 --> 01:17:40,400
including cory kancha and the temple of

1943
01:17:45,110 --> 01:17:43,120
the three windows at machu picchu

1944
01:17:47,189 --> 01:17:45,120
and these sites which feature some of

1945
01:17:48,310 --> 01:17:47,199
the most precisely cut megaliths known

1946
01:17:50,550 --> 01:17:48,320
to us

1947
01:17:52,790 --> 01:17:50,560
may also be the oldest

1948
01:17:53,830 --> 01:17:52,800
if hapgood and carlotta's hypotheses are

1949
01:17:57,430 --> 01:17:53,840
correct

1950
01:17:58,790 --> 01:17:57,440
these sites would be at least 100 000

1951
01:18:00,950 --> 01:17:58,800
years old

1952
01:18:03,189 --> 01:18:00,960
now listen i find the fact that both

1953
01:18:05,669 --> 01:18:03,199
hapgood's climate data and the alignment

1954
01:18:07,750 --> 01:18:05,679
of anomalous megalithic sites both point

1955
01:18:10,149 --> 01:18:07,760
to the same general locations for these

1956
01:18:12,950 --> 01:18:10,159
alternate pole sites to be pretty damn

1957
01:18:15,590 --> 01:18:12,960
compelling however i'm not sure that i'm

1958
01:18:17,350 --> 01:18:15,600
100 willing to accept them

1959
01:18:19,270 --> 01:18:17,360
it's clear that we've undershot the dawn

1960
01:18:20,149 --> 01:18:19,280
of human civilization by a few thousand

1961
01:18:24,310 --> 01:18:20,159
years

1962
01:18:25,590 --> 01:18:24,320
presents a whole new set of problems and

1963
01:18:28,310 --> 01:18:25,600
mysteries

1964
01:18:30,149 --> 01:18:28,320
first of all as far as we know there

1965
01:18:32,550 --> 01:18:30,159
shouldn't even have been humans in the

1966
01:18:34,550 --> 01:18:32,560
americas a hundred thousand years ago

1967
01:18:36,630 --> 01:18:34,560
it was previously estimated that humans

1968
01:18:38,390 --> 01:18:36,640
first arrived in north america around

1969
01:18:40,790 --> 01:18:38,400
fifteen thousand to twenty thousand

1970
01:18:42,709 --> 01:18:40,800
years ago by crossing a land bridge in

1971
01:18:45,910 --> 01:18:42,719
the spot where the bearing straight is

1972
01:18:47,830 --> 01:18:45,920
now between modern day russia and alaska

1973
01:18:50,390 --> 01:18:47,840
and although recent findings have pushed

1974
01:18:52,790 --> 01:18:50,400
that date back to 30 000 years

1975
01:18:54,550 --> 01:18:52,800
there's still a 70 000 year gap to

1976
01:18:55,990 --> 01:18:54,560
account for

1977
01:18:57,990 --> 01:18:56,000
and it's not just the timeline that

1978
01:18:59,350 --> 01:18:58,000
presents an issue there's also the

1979
01:19:01,270 --> 01:18:59,360
location

1980
01:19:03,110 --> 01:19:01,280
there are few places in the americas

1981
01:19:05,189 --> 01:19:03,120
that you could go that would be further

1982
01:19:07,430 --> 01:19:05,199
than peru is from the bering strait and

1983
01:19:10,229 --> 01:19:07,440
still be in the americas

1984
01:19:12,070 --> 01:19:10,239
so if somehow there was a human

1985
01:19:15,189 --> 01:19:12,080
civilization in peru a hundred thousand

1986
01:19:17,270 --> 01:19:15,199
years ago it calls that entire migration

1987
01:19:19,910 --> 01:19:17,280
story where they started in the north

1988
01:19:22,550 --> 01:19:19,920
and moved to the south into question

1989
01:19:25,110 --> 01:19:22,560
but if our human ancestors didn't walk

1990
01:19:26,390 --> 01:19:25,120
across the land bridge to america

1991
01:19:28,550 --> 01:19:26,400
how would they have gotten to south

1992
01:19:30,390 --> 01:19:28,560
america in the first place

1993
01:19:33,350 --> 01:19:30,400
by boat seems like the most obvious

1994
01:19:35,110 --> 01:19:33,360
answer until you consider just how vast

1995
01:19:37,590 --> 01:19:35,120
the pacific ocean is

1996
01:19:40,709 --> 01:19:37,600
the distance from peru to australia is

1997
01:19:42,870 --> 01:19:40,719
15 000 miles or more than half of the

1998
01:19:44,709 --> 01:19:42,880
circumference of the earth

1999
01:19:46,709 --> 01:19:44,719
to say that would be surprising would be

2000
01:19:48,229 --> 01:19:46,719
a massive understatement

2001
01:19:50,229 --> 01:19:48,239
and it wouldn't just throw the story of

2002
01:19:52,870 --> 01:19:50,239
how humans came to the americas into

2003
01:19:54,950 --> 01:19:52,880
question but also everything we think we

2004
01:19:57,189 --> 01:19:54,960
know about the migration of anatomically

2005
01:19:58,709 --> 01:19:57,199
modern humans out of africa and across

2006
01:20:00,709 --> 01:19:58,719
the continents

2007
01:20:02,870 --> 01:20:00,719
and even if we were somehow able to

2008
01:20:05,590 --> 01:20:02,880
gather enough evidence to justify that

2009
01:20:07,350 --> 01:20:05,600
dramatic rewrite of human history we're

2010
01:20:09,510 --> 01:20:07,360
still left with the most glaring and

2011
01:20:11,990 --> 01:20:09,520
inescapable problem

2012
01:20:14,149 --> 01:20:12,000
how would a high civilization capable of

2013
01:20:16,629 --> 01:20:14,159
the astounding mechalithic stonework

2014
01:20:19,590 --> 01:20:16,639
that we see at these sites in peru

2015
01:20:21,669 --> 01:20:19,600
possibly have arisen 40 000 years before

2016
01:20:22,550 --> 01:20:21,679
the earliest cave paintings that we've

2017
01:20:24,470 --> 01:20:22,560
found

2018
01:20:27,030 --> 01:20:24,480
it just doesn't make sense

2019
01:20:30,149 --> 01:20:27,040
it's simply not possible

2020
01:20:32,390 --> 01:20:30,159
what if it wasn't a human civilization

2021
01:20:33,669 --> 01:20:32,400
it's a wild thought but it isn't a crazy

2022
01:20:35,669 --> 01:20:33,679
one

2023
01:20:38,149 --> 01:20:35,679
the admission by the pentagon the

2024
01:20:40,070 --> 01:20:38,159
declassified videos the rising

2025
01:20:42,229 --> 01:20:40,080
bipartisan demand from congress that

2026
01:20:44,070 --> 01:20:42,239
they be given access to data surrounding

2027
01:20:45,590 --> 01:20:44,080
what is clearly a credible national

2028
01:20:47,510 --> 01:20:45,600
security threat

2029
01:20:49,189 --> 01:20:47,520
tom delong's high-level government

2030
01:20:51,750 --> 01:20:49,199
advisors that were confirmed by the

2031
01:20:53,750 --> 01:20:51,760
wikileaks podesta emails and the growing

2032
01:20:56,310 --> 01:20:53,760
number of highly credible people from

2033
01:20:59,110 --> 01:20:56,320
our military and intelligence agencies

2034
01:21:01,430 --> 01:20:59,120
as well as private aerospace companies

2035
01:21:04,470 --> 01:21:01,440
that are coming forward to say that the

2036
01:21:06,310 --> 01:21:04,480
ufo phenomenon is real and we need to

2037
01:21:08,790 --> 01:21:06,320
take it seriously

2038
01:21:10,629 --> 01:21:08,800
all of these things point to one

2039
01:21:12,629 --> 01:21:10,639
stunning conclusion

2040
01:21:15,590 --> 01:21:12,639
that there is a highly advanced

2041
01:21:16,950 --> 01:21:15,600
non-human presence on this planet right

2042
01:21:19,110 --> 01:21:16,960
now

2043
01:21:21,350 --> 01:21:19,120
and that profound and at this point

2044
01:21:23,830 --> 01:21:21,360
entirely unavoidable fact

2045
01:21:26,229 --> 01:21:23,840
means that it is entirely likely that

2046
01:21:27,910 --> 01:21:26,239
it's happened in the past as well

2047
01:21:30,470 --> 01:21:27,920
and we should be willing to at least

2048
01:21:33,830 --> 01:21:30,480
consider what that might mean for the

2049
01:21:36,310 --> 01:21:33,840
story of humanity on this planet

2050
01:21:37,910 --> 01:21:36,320
you know or not

2051
01:21:39,669 --> 01:21:37,920
all of this is very fun and very

2052
01:21:41,189 --> 01:21:39,679
interesting to talk about and i haven't

2053
01:21:43,270 --> 01:21:41,199
made a secret of the fact that i find

2054
01:21:45,270 --> 01:21:43,280
the evidence to be quite compelling

2055
01:21:47,669 --> 01:21:45,280
but if you still aren't convinced that's

2056
01:21:49,669 --> 01:21:47,679
totally fine i respect that

2057
01:21:51,590 --> 01:21:49,679
but the good news is that even if these

2058
01:21:53,669 --> 01:21:51,600
arguments for non-human intervention and

2059
01:21:54,470 --> 01:21:53,679
humanity's distant past have not swayed

2060
01:21:56,470 --> 01:21:54,480
you

2061
01:21:58,550 --> 01:21:56,480
our time here was still not wasted

2062
01:22:01,270 --> 01:21:58,560
we'll actually need all of this to help

2063
01:22:03,030 --> 01:22:01,280
lay the foundation for what's to come

2064
01:22:05,590 --> 01:22:03,040
what these last three episodes have

2065
01:22:07,350 --> 01:22:05,600
given you is the basic skeleton of the

2066
01:22:09,189 --> 01:22:07,360
esoteric tradition

2067
01:22:11,669 --> 01:22:09,199
so what do i mean by that

2068
01:22:14,149 --> 01:22:11,679
according to the google ancient esoteric

2069
01:22:15,990 --> 01:22:14,159
tradition is a modern scholarly term

2070
01:22:17,669 --> 01:22:16,000
useful for designating currents in

2071
01:22:20,070 --> 01:22:17,679
hellenistic and late antique

2072
01:22:21,910 --> 01:22:20,080
mediterranean culture that are concerned

2073
01:22:24,310 --> 01:22:21,920
with the mediation of some kind of

2074
01:22:27,110 --> 01:22:24,320
absolute knowledge via a dialectic of

2075
01:22:29,030 --> 01:22:27,120
secrecy concealment and revelation

2076
01:22:30,790 --> 01:22:29,040
in more straightforward terms

2077
01:22:33,350 --> 01:22:30,800
there is a collection of beliefs that we

2078
01:22:35,510 --> 01:22:33,360
tend to categorize as the occult that

2079
01:22:37,910 --> 01:22:35,520
are rooted in the belief in some kind of

2080
01:22:39,830 --> 01:22:37,920
an ancient knowledge and ultimate truth

2081
01:22:42,310 --> 01:22:39,840
that was entrusted to a select group of

2082
01:22:44,310 --> 01:22:42,320
scholars and intellectuals

2083
01:22:46,470 --> 01:22:44,320
the ancient egyptians and then later the

2084
01:22:48,310 --> 01:22:46,480
greeks and the romans referred to these

2085
01:22:50,310 --> 01:22:48,320
as the mystery schools and their

2086
01:22:52,070 --> 01:22:50,320
initiates include some of the greatest

2087
01:22:55,030 --> 01:22:52,080
thinkers of the ancient world like

2088
01:22:57,030 --> 01:22:55,040
aristotle socrates and plato

2089
01:22:59,590 --> 01:22:57,040
in our modern day world we have the

2090
01:23:01,510 --> 01:22:59,600
freemasons and other secretive societies

2091
01:23:02,790 --> 01:23:01,520
that are the direct descendants of this

2092
01:23:05,510 --> 01:23:02,800
tradition

2093
01:23:07,350 --> 01:23:05,520
so you don't need to believe any of this

2094
01:23:09,669 --> 01:23:07,360
the mysterious origins of human

2095
01:23:11,430 --> 01:23:09,679
civilization guidance and revelation

2096
01:23:13,350 --> 01:23:11,440
from the gods or some other non-human

2097
01:23:15,030 --> 01:23:13,360
intelligence or the idea that our

2098
01:23:16,790 --> 01:23:15,040
ancestors had exposure to highly

2099
01:23:18,470 --> 01:23:16,800
advanced ideas and technologies in our

2100
01:23:20,550 --> 01:23:18,480
distant past

2101
01:23:22,149 --> 01:23:20,560
but you do need to understand that

2102
01:23:24,790 --> 01:23:22,159
throughout the last several thousand

2103
01:23:27,030 --> 01:23:24,800
years there have been many people who do

2104
01:23:28,390 --> 01:23:27,040
believe something along those lines

2105
01:23:30,390 --> 01:23:28,400
and the search for that ancient

2106
01:23:32,070 --> 01:23:30,400
knowledge has been the driving force

2107
01:23:34,070 --> 01:23:32,080
behind some of the most significant

2108
01:23:37,350 --> 01:23:34,080
events in human history from the

2109
01:23:39,750 --> 01:23:37,360
crusades to our exploration of space

2110
01:23:42,070 --> 01:23:39,760
so that's where we'll pick up next time

2111
01:23:44,310 --> 01:23:42,080
with the story of how a renewed interest

2112
01:23:46,550 --> 01:23:44,320
in these ancient mysteries led to a

2113
01:23:48,470 --> 01:23:46,560
pagan spiritual awakening in germany in

2114
01:23:50,950 --> 01:23:48,480
the early 20th century

2115
01:23:53,110 --> 01:23:50,960
and subsequently to two of the most

2116
01:23:56,229 --> 01:23:53,120
important events not just of the last

2117
01:23:58,550 --> 01:23:56,239
century but in all of human history

2118
01:23:59,669 --> 01:23:58,560
the rise of nazi germany and the moon

2119
01:24:01,340 --> 01:23:59,679
landing

2120
01:24:07,110 --> 01:24:01,350
i'll see you then